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Which of the following is the best definition of psychology?
a. the study of the brain and its inner function
b. the analysis of the mind and its unconscious thoughts
c. the study of mental activity and behavior based on brain processes
d. the study of thoughts , social interactions , and emotions
c. the study of mental activity and behavior based on brain processes c. the study of mental activity and behavior based on brain processes
2. Critical thinking is best defined as thinking that
a . systematically evaluates information .
b. criticizes others opinions.
c . is open- minded and creative.
d. uses inferences but does not solve problems .
a . systematically evaluates information .
3. Why do scientists avoid the term fact ?
a. Intuition regarding a claim is more likely to be correct .
b. Facts depend on one's own experience and opinion.
c. New evidence can change how claims are interpreted.
d. Beliefs lead to more important findings than facts do.
c. New evidence can change how claims are interpreted.
4. Dualism is the classic idea in psychology that
a. the mind and the brain are separate entities
b. the mind and the brain are the same entity
c. the mind and the brain are opposing forces
d. there is no mind , just the brain
a. the mind and the brain are separate entities
5. The school of psychology known as ______ is based on the idea that conscious experience can be broken down into underlying parts
a. functionalism
b. behaviorism
c. cognitivism
d . structuralism
d. structuralism
The theories of Sigmund Freud and his followers state that
a. behavior can be altered by the application of reinforcement and punishment .
b emphasize the functions or adaptive purposes of the mind
c. emphasize the concept that the whole is different from the sum of its parts
d. state that much of human behavior is determined by the unconscious
d. state that much of human behavior is determined by the unconscious
7. Gestalt theory is based on the idea that
a. the whole is different from the sum of its parts.
b . the environment affects behavior.
c. social situations influence behavior
d. science should be used to understand therapy.
a. the whole is different from the sum of its parts.
8. Daniel is highly interested in how children develop language. He would probably be most interested in speaking to a(n) _____ psychologist.
a. counseling
b . clinical
c. developmental
d. industrial/organizational
c. developmental
9. Which of the following is a specific, testable prediction?
a theory.
b. a hypothesis.
c. correlation
d. introspection
b. a hypothesis.
An extensive study of a single person or a few people is characteristic of
a. self-report .
b. case study
c. the scientific method
d. an experiment
b. case study
12. In correlational studies, it is always possible that an unmeasured factor is responsible for the relationship observed . This complication is known as
a . observer bias.
b . researcher bias.
c. the directionality problem
d. the third variable problem.
d. the third variable problem.
11. In correlational studies, there is ambiguity as to which variable is the cause and which is the effect. This phenomenon is known as
a. the third variable problem.
b. random error
c. selection bias. .
d . the directionality problem .
d . the directionality problem .
13. The variable that a researcher manipulates in an experiment is called the
a. independent variable .
b. dependent variable
c. third variable .
d. experimental group
a. independent variable .
14. The purpose of an institutional review board is to
a. make it more difficult to conduct research.
b. ensure that proposed research is ethical.
c. analyze research data.
d. recruit research participants .
b. ensure that proposed research is ethical.
15. The brain and the spinal cord make up the nervous system
a . central .
b. peripheral.
c. somatic
d. autonomic
a . central .
16. The branchlike extensions of the neuron's cell body that receive information from other neurons are called
a. axon.
b. synapse .
c. cell body.
d. dendrites
d. dendrites
17. When a neuron is stimulated enough, it
a. fires an action potential.
b. becomes an agonist .
c. achieves a resting state
d. becomes an antagonist.
a. fires an action potential.
18. One part of the neuron covers and protects it much like insulation protects water pipes so that they do not freeze in winter. In a neuron this protective covering is called
a . the terminal button. .
b. the axon .
c. a dendrite
d . the myelin sheath .
d . the myelin sheath .
19. If a new drug blocks the neurotransmitter acetylcholine from connecting to the receptor sites , then the drug
a. is an agonist.
b. is an antagonist
c. creates an inhibitory signal . .
d . creates an excitatory signal
b. is an antagonist
20. A neurotransmitter that is important in muscle contraction is
a. epinephrine.
b. norepinephrine .
c. acetylcholine .
d. serotonin .
c. acetylcholine .
21. Which specialized area of the brain is crucial to the production of speech?
a. Broca's area .
b. the amygdala
c. the cerebellum
d . the thalamus
a. Broca's area .
22. Which of the following is NOT a modern method for accurately measuring brain activity?
a. phrenology
b. transcranial magnetic stimulation .
c. functional magnetic resonance imaging
d. an electroencephalograph
a. phrenology
23. Basic survival functions such as heart rate are controlled by the hindbrain structure called the
a. thalamus .
b. cerebellum
c. hippocampus
d. medulla.
d. medulla.
24. Yves has been drinking. He has difficulty walking a straight line when asked to do so by a police officer. Apparently, Yves's has been affected by the alcohol.
a. cerebellum .
b. thalamus
c. amygdala
d. hippocampus
a. cerebellum .
what is not a subcortical structure in the forebrain
a. substantia nigra
b. amygdala
c. hypothalamus
d. hippocampus
a. substantia nigra
26. The brain structure that is associated with the formation of memories is the
a. thalamus . b. cerebellum . c. hippocampus d. hypothalamus.
c. hippocampus
27. The thalamus receives nearly all sensory information before relaying it to the cortex . What is the one sensation that is the exception to this rule?
a. smell. b. vision c. hearing d. taste
a .smell.
auditory information is processed in the _____ lobes of the central cortex.
a. occipital b. parietal c. temporal d. frontal
c. temporal
29. The somatic nervous system allows
a. hormones to secrete .
b. movement of the muscles and joints.
c. signals to be transmitted to the body's glands.
d. the body to return to a calm, resting state.
b. movement of the muscles and joints.
30. Meghan was driving home when she heard a tire explode on the car right next to her. As a result, her heart started pounding and she began to shake, and she sped up to move as far from the sound as possible. Based on this information, which nervous system was activated when Meghan first heard the explosion ?
a. sympathetic b. parasympathetic c. somatic d. central
a. sympathetic
31. The communication system in your body by which hormones influence thoughts , behaviors and actions is the _____ system
a. somatic nervous b. sympathetic c. parasympathetic d. endocrine
d. endocrine
32. A genotype is a _____ whereas a phenotype is
a. underlying; observed
b. expressed ; inherited
c. genetic; environmental
d . dominant ; recessive
a. underlying; observed
33. In considering the relative contributions of genes and environment , most scientists would agree that
a. environment plays the most important role in shaping behavior.
b. only genes shape behavior
c. environment has little effect on behavior.
d . genes and environment interact to determine behavior .
d . genes and environment interact to determine behavior .
34. The idea that the brain is extremely malleable and is continuously changing as a result of injury, experiences, or substances is known as
a . myelination .
b. genetics.
c. plasticity.
d. phenotype .
c. plasticity.
35. Consciousness is best defined as
a. one's subjective experiences of the external world and one's mental activity
b . one's ability to objectively pay attention to important information.
c . moving from a state of sleep to a state of wakefulness .
d . processing of sensory information without full awareness .
a. one's subjective experiences of the external world and one's mental activity
36. Altered consciousness can be achieved through all of the following EXCEPT
a. hypnosis. b. psychoactive drug use c. meditation d. subliminal perception
d. subliminal perception
37. The idea that the activity of neurons in the brain produces consciousness is called
a. dualism . b . materialism . c. consolidation theory d. dissociation theory.
b . materialism .
38. Jimmy is exploring a new town by using a navigation app with sound assistance. According to the global workspace model, the part of his brain that organizes spatial relationships is his ______ and the part that receives sound is his
a . parietal lobe; prefrontal cortex
b . occipital lobe ; prefrontal cortex
c . parietal lobe; temporal lobe
d. prefrontal cortex ; temporal lobe
c . parietal lobe; temporal lobe
39. Which of the following is most likely an example of an automatic process ?
a. walking down the sidewalk b . learning how to drive in snowy weather c . taking a difficult test d . threading a tiny needle for the first time
a. walking down the sidewalk
40. Which of the following best describes subliminal perception ?
a. processing of sensory information with conscious awareness
b. processing of sensory information without conscious awareness .
c. an unconscious thought that is expressed at an inappropriate time
d. an unconscious thought that soon becomes conscious
b. processing of sensory information without conscious awareness .
To treat his epilepsy, doctors sever Liam's corpus callosum. As a result, Liam will
a. experience a loss of consciousness . b . be unable to walk . c. have a split brain d . be unable to form new memories.
c. have a split brain
42. In a person with a normally functioning brain, the part of the brain that typically controls speech is the
a. left hemisphere. b . right hemisphere. c. occipital lobe d . parietal lobe .
a. left hemisphere.
43. Angie had brain surgery. Although she can function quite normally, she is unable to verbally report the name of an object that is shown to her left visual field. However, when the same object is shown to her right visual field, she can verbally name the object. Based on this information Angie's brain surgery likely involved severing the
a . corpus callosum
b. temporal lobe .
c. frontal lobe
d. left hemisphere
a . corpus callosum
the brain area that releases melatonin is the
a. pineal gland b. hippocampus c. suprachiasmatic nucleus d. substantia nigra
a. pineal gland
45. The part of the brain that is NOT involved in maintaining sleep/wake cycles is
a . suprachiasmatic nucleus. .b. pineal gland . c. hypothalamus . d. hippocampus .
d. hippocampus .
46. Circadian rhythms can best be described as
a. heartbeats that trigger a change in blood circulation .
b. the changes that occur in wakefulness after jet lag and shift work.
c. the regulation of biological cycles into regular, daily patterns.
d . the time between sunrise and sunset, which determines sleep patterns.
c. the regulation of biological cycles into regular, daily patterns.
47. As Isaac reads his textbook, he gets more and more drowsy and is just about to fall asleep His brain activity will most likely be characterized by ____ waves
a. alpha . b. beta c. theta d . delta
a. alpha
48. According to the sociocognitive theory, hypnosis
a. is a truetrancelike state.
b. is a state where conscious awareness is dissociated from the mind.
c. creates an opportunity for people to play the role of being hypnotized .
d . creates an opportunity for people to experience altered sleep patterns.
c. creates an opportunity for people to play the role of being hypnotized .
heroin increases pleasure by ____ receptors
a. activating serotonin b. inhibiting dopamine c. blocking opiate d. binding with opiate
d. binding with opiate
50. When Terry stopped using a certain prescription drug he got very anxious and had severe headaches Terry's experience is most likely a result of
a. tolerance . b. psychological dependence c. withdrawal d. addiction.
c. withdrawal
The ____ domain relates to how we think, reason, and communicate.
a socio-emotional b. physical c. cultural d. cognitive
d. cognitive
2. Changes in terms of how we understand ourselves , interact with others , and experience and regulate emotions are part of the ____ domain .
a. cultural . b. socio-emotional c. cognitive d.physical
b. socio-emotional
When his sister becomes pregnantTyrone learns the effect of teratogens, which include all of following EXCEPT
a. caffeine b. the measles . c.X-rays. d. folic acid.
d. folic acid.
4. Sonya's parents have been encouraging her to walk for several months by standing her up and holding her hands. Paul's parents have let him achieve motor milestones on his own, without encouraging or helping him. The fact that Sonya and Paul both started walking independently at about the same age can be best explained by
a. sensorimotor development . b. prenatal development . c. maturation. d. object permanence .
c. maturation
Which style of attachment shown by 60-65 percent of infants indicates that they are readily comforted by the caregiver during times of distress and are comfortable playing in an unfamiliar environment as long as the caregiver is present ?
a. insecure b. ambivalent c. avoidant d. secure
d. secure
6. Baby George's mother leaves him sitting in the grocery cart as she goes around the corner searching for cake mix. George screams as she leaves, reaches for her when she returns, but then pushes her away. George's behavior is most consistent with a(n) _____ attachment style.
a . ambivalent b. avoidant c. strange d. secure
a . ambivalent
Eleven-month-old Luis watches as his mother comes in and out of his bedroom while she is putting away laundry Luís does not get upset when his mother leaves the room since he seems to know that his mother is still in the house , even if he cannot see her. Luis is demonstrating which of the following ?
a. object permanence b. reflexes c. assimilation d. goal - directed behavior
a. object permanence
Peggy's parents are amazed at how much their daughter has changed. Over the past year, she became interested in doing chemistry experiments. Peggy predicts what will happen when she combines two chemicals together and then observes the results to see whether her hypothesis was correct . Peggy is most likely in the ____ stage of cognitive development .
a. formal operational b. preoperational c. concrete operational d sensorimotor
a. formal operational
9. A child is playing at the beach. She pours an equal amount of sand into both a short, fat container and a tall, thin container. When asked which container holds more sand, the child points to the tall, thin container. This response suggests that she is most likely in the ______ stage of cognitive development .
a. formal operational . b. preoperational c. sensorimotor d. concrete operational
b. preoperational
10. Gretchen is excited when her son Brian demonstrates that he has developed theory of mind and will now be able to
a. think of himself as having mental as well as physical capabilities.
b. predict how he might behave in various situations.
c. be more egocentric in his actions at day care.
d. understand that his mom has intentions that guide her actions
d. understand that his mom has intentions that guide her actions
Evan is in preschool and uses overregularization when speaking Which of the following is he most likely to say?
a. Build snowman b. "The moon looks happy" c. He hitted me with a stick. d. Yesterday, I want to go to the park.
c. He hitted me with a stick.
Phillip can’t wait for his son Baxter to start saying words so that Phillip can finally understand what baxter needs. Phillip knows that for most babies , this will occur at around _____ months.
A. 6
B. 9
C. 12
D. 16
C. 12
According to Erikson's psychosocial development theory, individuals experience the crisis of ______ during the adolescent years , where they face the challenge of addressing questions about who they are .
a. industry versus inferiority . b. identity versus role confusion c. intimacy versus isolation d. initiative versus guilt
b. identity versus role confusion
14. The president of the United States is debating about whether to start a war with country X. If the president is in the postconventional stage of moral reasoning, which of the following reasons would he most likely give for his decision ?
a. We should not declare war because it will hurt our economy.
b. We should declare war because our citizens' freedom is at stake.
c. We should not declare war because it is against our own laws in this situation
d. We should declare war because country X broke international law.
b. We should declare war because our citizens' freedom is at stake.
15. Sampson is a physician who sees many elderly patients. He is likely to notice decreases in their cognitive functioning in all of the following ways EXCEPT
a. knowledge of basic facts . b. memory capacity. c. . perceptual sensitivity .d . the time necessary to learn information .
a. knowledge of basic facts
16. The sense organs' detection of external physical stimuli is called _____ whereas further processing, organizing, and interpreting of those stimuli in the brain is called _____
a. sensation; perception
b . perception ; sensation.
c. transduction perception
d . perception ; transduction
a. sensation; perception
17. The minimum intensity of sensory stimulation required before a sensation is detected 50 percent of the time is called
a. the absolute threshold. b. signal detection . c. the difference threshold. d. sensory adaptation.
a. the absolute threshold.
18. The minimum amount of change required for a person to detect a difference between two stimuli is referred to as
a . transduction. b. the signal detection c. the absolute threshold. d. the difference threshold.
d. the difference threshold.
19. The area where the optic nerve leaves the retina is referred to as the
a. pupil . b. cone . c. fovea d. blind spot .
d. blind spot .
20. Which of the following statements best describes the path of visual information in the brain?
a. All of the visual information from the left eye travels to the brain's right side.
b. All of the visual information from the left eye travels to the brain's left side.
c. Visual information from the left half of each eye travels to the brain's right side.
d. Visual information from the left half of each eye travels to the brain's left side.
c. Visual information from the left half of each eye travels to the brain's right side.
21. The amplitude of a light wave is experienced by us as
a . pitch b . brightness . c. loudness.d. hue.
b . brightness
22. An object appears to be a particular color because of the
a. amplitude of the light that the object absorbs and how the brain processes light.
b. brain's experience with the color of most objects that people are likely to encounter .
c. amount of light available for the eye to process and the color of the object.
d. wavelength of light that the object reflects and how the receptors in the eye process light.
d. wavelength of light that the object reflects and how the receptors in the eye process light.
23. Which parts of the electromagnetic spectrum can humans see?
a . Only the part of the spectrum between 10nm and 380nm .
b. Humans can see all of the electromagnetic spectrum .
c . Only the part of the spectrum between 400nm and 700nm.
d. Humans cannot see any of the electromagnetic spectrum .
c . Only the part of the spectrum between 400nm and 700nm.
24. The first psychologists to emphasize the organizing processes underlying perception were the
.a opponent - process psychologists . b . trichromatic theorists . c. Gestalt psychologists d. signal detection theorists.
c. Gestalt psychologists
Each eye sees more of the world on its own side of the visual field . A combination of the views from the two eyes creates the depth cue of
a. linear perspective . b. texture gradients . c. occlusion d. binocular disparity
d. binocular disparity
26. When you are on a cliff far from the beach, the sand looks smooth and uniform. When you sit on the beach and look closely at the sand, you can see all the bumps and colorsThis difference is an example of which depth cue?
a. occlusion b. figure to ground c. texture gradient d. linear perspective
c. texture gradient
27. Sound waves cause the ____ to vibrate
a. cochlea b. eardrum c. outer ear d. auditory nerve
b. eardrum
the coiled bony fluid filled tube in the inner ear that houses sensory receptors is called
a. cochlea
b. ear drum
c. oval membrane
d. auditory nerve
a. cochlea
if a key is pressed on a piano the frequency of the resulting sound will determine the _____ and the amplitude will determine the _____
a. pitch; integrity
b. intensity; pitch
c. loudness; pitch
d. pitch; loudness
d. pitch; loudness
43. Reinforcement that comes after a predetermined amount of time is called a
a. variable ratio . b . fixed ratio c. fixed interval. d . variable interval .
c. fixed interval
30. What are the two cues that allow you to determine where a sound is coming from?
a. the time when the sound arrives in each car and the intensity of the sound wave
b. the time when the sound arrives in each ear and the pitch of the sound wave .
c. the intensity of the sound wave and the pitch of the sound wave
d . the frequency of the sound wave and the pitch of the sound wave
a. the time when the sound arrives in each car and the intensity of the sound wave
31. Structures on the tongue that contain groupings of taste buds are called
a. gustatory receptors . b gustatory bulbs c. olfactory epithelium d. papillae
d. papillae
32. Which of the following detects temperature and then sends information about temperature to the brain?
a. warm and cold receptors . b . fast and slow fibers c. cranial and spinal nerves d . kinesthetic and vestibular senses
a. warm and cold receptors .
33. Ouch ! You just got a small cut from a piece of paper . The sharp sting travels ______ along pain fibers , which are _______
a. slow ; unmyelinated b. slow myelinated c. fast; unmyelinated d. fast myelinated
d. fast myelinated
34. When Billy's upstairs neighbor wakes up early to take a shower, Billy is typically awakened when the water starts, but then he gets used to the noise and goes back to sleep. In this example, Billy is showing learning through
a. conditioning b. sensitization. c. habituation d. modeling
c. habituation
Mason has spent many hours studying the exact order of the first hundred digits of number which has resulted in strengthened synaptic connections in his brainMason's ability to learn the numbers is most likely a result of
a. vicarious conditioning b. habituation c. long- term potentiation . d. modeling.
c. long- term potentiation
36. In Pavlov's research, classical conditioning occurred when the dogs learned the metronome predicted the arrival of food. This process was based on the animals' instinctive response to the ______ stimulus .
a. classical b. conditioned c. neutral d . unconditioned
d . unconditioned
37. A main outcome of Ivan Pavlov's research is that a neutral stimulus can become a conditioned stimulus
a. when it elicits an innate response .
b. with the presence of punishment .
c . after pairing it with a stimulus that triggers a reflexive response .
d . simply by observing that stimulus .
c . after pairing it with a stimulus that triggers a reflexive response .
38. At lunch one day, a wombat walks onto your table . It looks just like the one that bit you last year and made you very sick. You immediately start to panic, which in this situation is most likely a(n)
a. neutral stimulus . b conditioned stimulus c. unconditioned response d. conditioned response .
d. conditioned response .
39. Rachel's dog loves meat and salivates when he sees it. Rachel repeatedly shows her dog a picture of a circle before showing him a piece of meatSoon, the dog salivates at the picture of the circle. When Rachel shows her dog a picture of an oval, the dog does not salivate, which is best explained by
a. stimulus generalization . b . stimulus discrimination . c. spontaneous recovery d. second- order conditioning
b . stimulus discrimination
40. During the famous experiment with "Little Albert," Albert learned to fear rats when researchers used classical conditioning and presented a
a. loud sound as the unconditioned stimulus .
b. rat as the unconditioned stimulus.
c. rat as the conditioned response
d. loud sound as the conditioned response .
a. loud sound as the unconditioned stimulus .
41. Percy wants to teach his daughter good manners. To increase the likelihood of her saying Excuse me" when bumping into someone in a store, he should use a stimulus called a(n)
a. punishment . b. reinforcer. c. operant. d. token economy .
b. reinforcer
42. Ellie hates it when her teenagers leave their dirty clothes on the floor. If Ellie decides to use the Premack principle to help her teens change their behavior, she should_____ to reward them for doing a less valued activity.
a . give a primary reinforcer .
b . give a secondary reinforcer
c. use shaping
d . promise them a more valued activity
d . promise them a more valued activity
44. The Acme Chemical Company has some employees who work in a production plant and some who work in a sales office. The plant workers get paid every Friday however, the office workers get paid for every fifth sale they make. The plant workers are paid on a _____ schedule, whereas the office workers are paid on a _____ schedule .
a . fixed ratio ; variable interval .
b . fixed interval ; fixed ratio
c. variable ratio ; fixed interval
d . variable interval ; variable ratio
b . fixed interval ; fixed ratio
positive punishment causes a(n) ____ in behavior through the _____ of a stimulus
a. increase; addition
b. decrease; removal
c. decrease; addition
d. increase; removal
c. decrease; addition
in operant conditioning, removing a stimulus to increase a behavior in the future is called
a. positive punishment b. negative punishment c. positive reinforcement d. negative reinforcement
d. negative reinforcement
Tripp is serving a 10 year sentence in jail when he is informed by his parole officer he is getting out early for good behavior. if the release has the effect of increasing tripp’s good behavior in the future, then the decrease of prison time is an example of
a. positive reinforcement b. negative reinforcement c. positive punishment d. negative punishment
b. negative reinforcement
whenever 2yr old abby uses the toilet her mom puts a sticker on her chart. once the chart is full, she is allowed to pick out a toy at the store. the sticker is used as ____
a. variable interval schedule b. dopamine activity c. token economy d. insight learning
c. token economy
drugs like cocaine and amphetamines are reinforcing the user, making it more likely that they will use it again. this is because the drugs are _____
a. create cognitive maps
b. enhance dopamine activation
c. enhance the user’s forgetfulness
d. create insight learning experiences
b. enhance dopamine activation
miranda is learning how to play tennis. she has a unique way of hitting a backhand shot, but after a lesson with a pro instructor, she changes her backhand technique to imitate the instructors method of ____
a. vicarious learning b. latent learning c. modeling d. continuous reinforcement
c. modeling
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