us1h unit 10 test

order of presidents

• harrison —> tyler

• polk

• taylor —> fillmore

• pierce

• buchanan

• lincoln

election of 1840

• pres - wh harrison

• vp - john tyler

john tyler

info

• elected vp in 1840

  • “tippecanoe & tyler too”

  • succeeds wh harrison’s death

• “man w/o a party”

  • cabinet except webster resigns

events

• manifest destiny

• maine - boundary dispute resolved

• oregon - americans settle

• texas - annexed

maine

tyler

• boundary dispute

• aroostock war / lumberjack war / battle of the maps

• webster-ashburton treaty

oregon

tyler

• joint occupation

  • brit fur trade

  • US - trading ports, land

• american settle

  • “american eden” / the oregon trail - parkman

  • cholera / natives are guides

polk

• “54’40 or fight”

• 1st offer rejected

• joint resolution - back out of sharing agreement in 1 yr

• brit re-offers

texas

jackson/van buren —> tyler

context

• US: oil, cotton

• mexico: buffer zone

• empresario contracts

  • austin family

• mexico - stricter laws, closes border

battles

• santa anna

• sam houston

• battle of the alamo

• declares indep

• battle of san jacinto river

  • “remember the alamo”

• "lone star republic”

• legal slavery

annexation

• jackson & van buren avoid

• tyler annexes

  • treaty rejected

  • joint resolution passes (lame duck)

election of 1844

main issue - texas annex

whigs - clay

• avoids annex q

• later backtracks —> alienates both

demos - polk

• dark horse candidate

• support texas annex & all of oregon

• van buren avoids annex q

liberty party - james birney

• oppose annex

james polk

info

• demo, elected 1844

• tennessee

• dark horse candidate

four point plan

• lower tariff ✔

• indep treasury ✔

• all of oregon ✔

• california ✔

california

context

• ports, fertile valleys

• two years before the mast - dana

• “play texas game”

• slidell mission - mexico rejects offer to buy

• sends zachary taylor to rio grande —> conflict

mexican war

• spot resolutions / spotty lincoln - by north

• stephen kearny - cali

• john c fremont - cali

• zachary taylor - north mexico

  • “iron constitution”

• winfield scott - central mexico (veracruz, mexico city)

  • “old fuss & feathers”

• nicholas trist

  • offers $ for armistice —> fail

  • treaty of guadalupe hidalgo

gold rush

• discovered on sutter’s ranch

• 49ers

• boom towns

statehood

• free state - comp of 1850

treaty of guadalupe hidalgo

by nicholas trist

• rio grande as border

• mexican cession

• citizenship for mexicans in mx cession

• pay $

wilmot proviso

• at start of mexican war

• david wilmot - demo congressman

  • amendment to ban slavery in territory

• sectional loyalty > party loyalty

election of 1848

main issue: slavery / wilmot proviso

demos - lewis cass (michigan)

• moderate demos: pop sov

• calhoun: slaves are property

whigs - taylor

• zachary taylor (war hero)

• avoid wilmot proviso

liberty party - salmon chase

• abolitionists

• goals:

  • no new slave states

  • ban slavery in dc

  • ban interstate slave trade

  • deny fed office to slave owners

  • ban slave labor for fed construction

free soil - van buren

• northerners who want unity

• slavery

  • economic focus

  • prohibit spread to territories

• “barn burners”

pop sov issues

• assumes states unanimous

• when to hold vote?

• what about existing slaves when slave state becomes free?

zachary taylor

info

• whig, elected 1848

• war hero (mexican war)

events

• gold rush

• comp of 1850

comp of 1850 (5 parts)

taylor

5 parts

• cali - free state

• mexican cession → utah & new mexico → pop sov

• disputed territory → mexico, US pays texas debt

• ban slave trade in dc

• fugitive slave clause

info

• by clay

• fillmore splits up bill → passes

• better for north

• opinions

  • calhoun - against (property)

  • webster - supports (unity)

  • birney - against (radical abol)

  • seward - against (christian)

new fugitive slave clause (5 parts)

taylor

5 parts

• all citizens must help recover fugitive slaves

• fleeing slaves can’t testify in own trial / have jury

• cases heard by special commissioner (pecuniary incentive)

• jail/fine for helping fugitive slaves

• hire more fed marshalls to enforce

impact

• “bloodhound bill”

• reign of terror

• backfires - north doesn’t enforce, moderates pushed to abol

election of 1852

main issue: comp of 1850

demos - franklin pierce (nh)

• northern candidate to balance out south support

  • appt southerners to cabinet

• support compromise

• tired of slavery question

whigs - winfield scott (war hero)

• divided over compromise

• fillmore & webster too affiliated w/ comp for nomination

free soil - john hale

• against compromise (pop sov could extend slavery to territories)

william seward

comp of 1850

• against

• duty of christian nation to abolish slavery

• law higher than const forbids slavery

franklin pierce

info

• demo, elected 1852

• new hampshire

events

• north & west unite over railroad

• william walker

• ostend manifesto

• gadsden purchase

• kansas nebraska act

• bleeding kansas

william walker

pierce

• tries to seize baja cali from mx → stopped

• legalizes slavery in nicaragua → killed by central amer leaders

ostend manifesto

pierce

• south plot to seize cuba

• take advantage of europe distracted by war

• prep offer to buy cuba

  • if spanish gov refuses → will seize cuba

• stopped by free soilers

gadsden purchase

pierce

• for transcontinental railroad

  • transportation concerns in cali, oregon

  • keep west connected

• north & south fund land grants

• checkerboard pattern

• proposed north route

  • chicago - eastern terminus

• proposed south route

  • new orleans → san diego

• gadsden purchase

  • organized territory for south railroad

  • buy land from mx

kansas nebraska act

pierce

• by stephen douglas

• split unorganized territory into kansas & nebraska territories

• use pop sov (ignore MO comp line)

sectional loyalty

• south supports

  • chance to spread slavery over MO comp line

• north against

  • “anti-nebraskans”

  • forms repub party

  • destroys whig party

bleeding kansas (3 acts of violence)

pierce

• didn’t say when to hold vote

• pro-slavery towns vs free-slavery towns

• lecompton

  • border ruffians

  • pro-slavery

  • bans abol material

• topeka

  • extralegal

  • bans slavery

• sack of lawrence

  • pro-slavery attack on free-slavery town

• pottawatomie creek massacre

  • john brown retaliates on pro-slavery farm

• caning of senator sumner

  • speech “crime against kansas”

  • preston brooks beats w/ cane

• uncle tom’s cabin - harriet beecher stowe

buchanan

• buchanan supports lecompton

• douglas votes against (pop sov)

• 2nd vote → lecompton rejected

election of 1856

repubs - john c fremont

• whigs, free soilers, anti-nebraskans

  • no southerners

• goals:

  • prevent spread of slavery into territories

  • repeal kansas-nebraska act & fugitive slave clause

  • abolish slavery in dc

• ideological heirs of whigs

  • land reform, tariff, int improvs

• “free soil, free speech, fremont”

• decent # of votes

demos - james buchanan (PA)

• advantage: only national party

• moderates: pop sov

• calhoun & southerners: slaves are property

know nothings - millard fillmore

• against catholic immigrants & crime in cities

james buchanan

info

• demo, elected 1856

• pennsylvania

events

• kansas - supports lecompton

• panic of 1857

• lincoln-douglas debates

• harpers ferry

• lame duck - doesn’t stop south secession

panic of 1857

buchanan

• inflation from gold rush

• over-investment of railroads & land

• north hit hardest

• south unaffected

  • cotton price high overseas

  • thinks king cotton > north

• northwest wants free homesteads

  • north & south oppose

  • passes congress → buchanan vetoes

• north businesses blame low tariff

dred scott

decision

• scott sues → thrown out on technicality

• 1st hearing: set free

• mrs emerson leaves estate to brother (sanford)

  • wages

• 2nd hearing (missouri sc) - reversed

  • reverses “once free always free”

• scotus avoids →strader decision

• scott sues sanford

  • btwn ppl of diff states → goes to scotus

• 3rd hearing (scotus) - decision by taney

  • scott is slave

  • blacks aren’t citizens

    • can’t sue in fed court

  • congress overstepped bounds

    • slaves are property

    • can’t ban slavery in territories

impact on repubs

• contradicts party beliefs

• want prevent spread of slavery to states

  • obiter dictum - scotus no juris, scott isn’t citizen

  • discredit decision

• need elect pres → appoint new judges → use similar case to make new decision

stephen douglas (3 alienates south)

info

• demo

• pop sov

• writes kansas nebraska act

alienates south

• votes against lecompton

• against dred scott (pop sov)

• freeport doctrine

lincoln-douglas debates

buchanan

• “house divided” speech - lincoln

• 7 debates across illinois, each debate tailored to region

• debate in freeport

  • pop sov → court vs ppl

  • freeport doctrine - douglas

harpers ferry

buchanan

• john brown raids harpers ferry

• seizes arsenal

• plans to arm slaves but no one comes

• north sees as martyr

  • don’t remember past

  • emotional speech

• south sees as murderer

election of 1860

demos - douglas (moderates), breckenridge (fire eaters)

• divided: moderate (pop sov) vs pro-slavery

• fire eaters

  • extend slavery

  • annex cuba

repubs - lincoln

• seward too polarizing

• goals:

  • ban slavery in territories → free soil

  • protective tariff → northern manufacturers

  • immigrant rights → immigrants

  • land reform & int improv → west

constitutional party - john bell

• unite country