Animal Nutrition Quiz 3

How much of the body is water?

50-60%

As, animals age, what happens to water?

It is replaced with fat

How often is water replaced?

Every 3 days

Where do we find most of the water in the body?

Muscle

How much water is in muscle?

75%

How do we know that water is important for cell structure?

Functions of water. (at least 2)

Solvent, transports nutrients/waste, needed for chemical reactions, important for lubrication/cushioning, transfer of light/sound, maintain blood volume, forms and structure cell

How is water absorbed?

Passive diffusion

Where is water absorbs in ruminants?

Rumen, reticulum, omasum (passive), SI, LI

How is water absorbed in the rumen?

SI & rumen

Where is water absorbed in monogastrics?

SI, LI (primarily in LI)

What happens where water isn't absorbed in the GI tract?

Trouble

Failure to absorb water in large intestine results in what?

Scowers/diarrhea

How is water excreted?

sweating, breathing, fecal material (fecies/peeing)

Sources of water

Drinking, feed, metabolic water, water liberated from catabolism of tissue

Factors that affect water intake?

Temperature, physiological function (pregnant/growing), disease conditions, and diet consumption

How does increase in feed water affect water consumption?

decrease in water consumption

How does an increase in protein content affect water consumption?

increase in water consumption

How does an increase in salt content affect water consumption?

Increase in water consumption

How does an increase in indigestible fiber affect water consumption?

Increase in water consumption

How is water distributed?

Intracellularly (50%)

What can improve animal performance?

Cleaner/ cooler water bowls or troughs.

What is looked at when testing water quality?

pH, hardness, sulfates, nitrates, total dissolved solids, pathogens, and organic toxins

How do we determine water content in a feed?

Dry Matter

Essential task when you have farm animals?

Provide animals with fresh drinking water at free choice with acceptable quality

What is a monosaccharide?

simple sugar

Formula for Glucose?

C6H12O6

What is the name of a sugar with 3 Carbons?

triose

Sugar with 4 carbons?

tetrose

Sugar with 5 carbons?

pentose

Sugar with 6 carbons?

hexose

Sugar with 7 carbons?

heptose

What are stereoisomers?

mirror images of each other

Which stereoisomer is typically found in nature?

D isomerization

What are the two types of stereoisomers?

D and L

What bonds are present in Disaccharides?

Glycosidic bonds

What are the nutritionally important disaccharides?

Maltose, sucrose, and lactose

What bond is hard to digest?

Beta bonds due to the way they line up

Maltose structure?

2 glucose with an alpha 1,4 bond

Sucrose structure

2 glucose + fructose

Lactose structure

glucose + galactose

Trisaccharides?

Raffinose

(galactose + glucose + fructose)

Tetrasaccharides

Stachyose

(galactose + galactose + glucose + fructose)

What carbohydrates are hard to digest and are commonly found in cottonseed & soybeans?

Trisaccharides & tetrasaccharides

What are the two types of polysaccharides?

Nonstructural & structural

What are nonstructural polysaccharides made up of?

Starch and glycogen

What are structural polysaccharides made of?

Cellulose (beta bonds), Hemicellulose, and pectins

Is lignin a carbohydrate?

No, it is just bonded to hemicellulose

What is starch?

Amylose and amylopectin

What is the function of starch?

Store energy

Amylose structure?

a1,4 bond + glucose

Amylopectin

alpha 1,4 & alpha 1,6 bonded to glucose

Function of glycogen?

Store energy

Glycogen structure

alpha 1,4 & a1,6 bonded to glucose

Where is glycogen found?

In animals

When glycogen is gone, what is used?

Fat stores

In glycogen, how many units per branch are there?

10

Where is glycogen stored?

liver and muscles

Cellulose structure

beta 1-4 bond + glucose

Hemicellulose structure

beta 1-4 bonded Polysaccharides

pectins structure

beta 1-4 bonded

In monogastrics, how are carbs absorbed?

Active transport

How are carbs absorbed in ruminants?

Passive transport

If carbs make it to the SI, how are they absorbed?

Active transport

How do we determine carbohydrate content in feed?

Crude fiber & Van Soest Method

lipid characteristics

Heterogeneous group, insoluble in water, soluble in solvents, and usable by living organisms

What are the different classes of lipids?

Simple, Complex, and precursor and derived lipids

What do simple lipids consist of?

Waxes, fats and oils

What do complex lipids consist of?

Phospholipids and Glycolipids

What do precursor and derived lipids consist of?

Eicosanoids, steroids, and terpenes

What are complex lipids used for?

binding to other things

What are precursor/derived lipids used for?

To build certain things

What are simple lipids used for?

Energy storage

Fatty Acids structure

Acyl chain + carboxylic acid

What are the two types of fatty acids?

saturated and unsaturated

What do saturated fatty acids look like at room temp?

Solid

What do unsaturated fatty acids look like at room temp?

Liquid

Where are saturated fatty acids found?

animal tissue

Where are unsaturated fatty acids found?

plants

Saturated fatty acids structure appearance?

Full of H

Unsaturated FA structure appearance?

less H, double bonds present

What happens if the amount of double bonds increase?

Melting point decreases

FA Chain lengths?

Short, medium, and long

What happens when FA length increases?

Melting point increases

What happens if the FA is shorter?

It becomes more absorbable.

Can bacteria synthesize even and odd # FA

Yes

How do FA's get their systematic name?

Based on the number of carbons, & position of double bonds

Based on the Numeric system, what does 9,12 - 18:2 mean?

9,12 = position of double bonds

18 = # of carbons

2 = # of double bonds

Isomer types?

Cis and Trans

What does a cis isomer look like?

H and R group on same side

What does a trans isomer look like?

H and R group on opposite sides

Essential FA

FA needed in diet

What essential FA are needed in our diet?

Linoleic (18:2) and linolenic (18:3) acid

What happens if body doesn't get essential fatty acids needed in diet?

Body creates a disease-like state

How much Essential FA are needed in diet?

Small amount

What can FA form?

Membranes, micelles, liposomes, and emulsions