AP Euro Exam Time Period 1 (copy)

end of year ap exam

P:0) Fall of Constantinople

1453 the scholars fled constantinople and took ancient text to italy. Ottomans could further expand into Europe, and italy became filled with ancient text, which led to the renaissance

P:0) Black Death

Killed 1/3-1/2 of the population. Led to Memento Mori, which urged people to constantly remember that death was coming and to live accordingly. The selfish were the only ones to survive (they didn’t help the sick), so selfishness levels rose

P:0) Decameron by Boccaccio

a first person narrative of the plague, describes it in detail. One of the reasons we know how bad the black death was and info about it

P:0) Hundred Years War

english king claimed to have the right to french throne. French Nationalism, end of chivalry, destroys france. English vs French, Joan of Arc. Creates new technologies (war leads to innovation) including the cannon and longbows)

P:1 U:1) Humanism

going back/looking at ancient greek, roman, and biblical text. Came from the population of ancient greco-roman text that arrived with scholars that fled to italy post Fall of Constantinople

P:1 U:1) Petrarch

Father of Humanism. Death was the start of the Renaissance. 1st tourist and coined the term “dark ages.” obsessed with the ways and wisdom of the ancient philosophers.

P:1 U:1) Machiavelli, the prince

Ideal/realistic royalty. A negative, yet honest, story claiming that a monarch should be truly selfish and let the ends justify the means.

P:1 U:1) Castiglione

wrote the Perfect Courtier. Renaissance man. Says that royalty should always be told “yes” —> rise in selfishness

P:1 U:1) Printing press

allows for diffusion of ideas because of an increase of cheap books

P:1 U:1) Vernacular literature

written in the common language, spready ideas and literacy (worked with printing press)

P:1 U:1) Michelangelo, Donatello, Raphael, Da Vinci

Artists of Renaissance, secular, sfumatto (soft and blurry) and chiarscurro ( light and shadow) techniques

P:1 U:1) Rembrandt

artist of Dutch golden age. Northern renaissance artist who painted landscape, protestant art

P:1 U:1) Brahe

built the most sophisticated observatory of his day. he was an arrogant and cruel noble, but he was very clever and had many students including Kepler. got killed by poison

P:1 U:1) Baroque

broken art. exaggerated motion, drama, tension, grande. Catholic Passions of christ, pain. very big. favored by church, then monarchies. lots of tension

P:1 U:1) El Greco

Greek (but lived in spain). Big BIG architecture (baroque). catholic paintings and murals

P:1 U:1) Rubens

counter reformation and pro catholic. his art had movement, fat people, sensuality, and mythology

P:1 U:1) scientific revolution

church loses power. deism (God doesn’t intervene) demystifies the world. colleges (royal academies) created and improved navigational technology. all caused by renaissance

P:1 U:1) Copernicus

revolution of heavenly spheres. the earth is round like other planets and the solar system is heliocentric as opposed to geocentric

P:1 U:1) Galileo

law of inertia. perfected the telescope. challenged the church with his ideas (had to recant his ideas because the church didn’t allow freedom of speech, especially if it went against their teachings)

P:1 U:1) Newton

Universal gravitation, three laws of motion. created calculous and existed at the end of the scientific revolution.

P:1 U:1) Harvey

systemic circulation especially blood circulation. discovered circulatory system

P:1 U:1) Paracelsus

father of chemistry. tried to find alkahest (philosopher’s stone). although he was a scientist, he also still was clearly still believing in myths and magic.

P:1 U:1) Bacon

Inductive method (aka empiricism) collecting data and then come to a conclusions. bottom up logic

P:1 U:1) Descartes

Deductive method. You have your answer and you figure out why. top down logic

P:1 U:1) Kepler

Planets moved in eliptical orbits. Brahe’s student. Planets move faster in orbit when closer to the sun. perhaps killed Brahe.

P:1 U:1) Italian Renaissance traits

• Humanism is more Greco-roman

• rich colors

• rich merchant families bought art

• 1400s

• individual city states

• oligarchies (small group of ppl run country)

• started from constantinople

• ended with sacking of rome in 1527 by Holy Roman Empire

• sculptures, muras, frescos (mural on wet wall)

P:1 U:1) Both Renaissance traits

• humanism

• individualism

• secularism

• patronage

• linear perspective

• chiaroscuro and sfumato

• geometric shapes

• symmetry

• contrapposto (weight shifted on one leg) sculptures

• momento moir

• women same sex relations

P:1 U:1) Northern Renaissance characteristics

• humanism more biblical

• muted colors

• more landscapes

• 1500s

• royals

• countries (not city states)

• started from diffusion from italy

• lasted longer

• middle and lower class

• painting interiors

• more architecture

P:1 U:2) Richard III

last king of england before tudors. war of roses. house of york (white). made to be evil (but also kinda was because why r u locking ur nephews in the tower of london to die?) was deformed and could only fight well if held up by armor. died in war of the roses

P:1 U:2) war of the roses

two noble english families, red (cancaster) vs white (york) fought a civil war to gain the grown for 30 years. this hurt trade, agriculture, and domestic industry. the reds won.

P:1 U:2) the tudors

started by henry VII (winner of WOTR). marries a york daughter to stop the fighting and combines roses. Has child Henry VIII and grandchildren Mary, Elizabeth, and Edward.

P:1 U:2) Star Chamber

Henry VII made a court out of small landowners and urban residents trained in law. they dealt with potential threats. nobles were tried without jury, witness, and were tortured. kept nobles in check

P:1 U:2) Ferdinand and Isabella

Spanish teens married to bring their nation together and consolidate spain. Ferdinand was from aragon and Isabella was from castile. Made castile official language, and had one currency. Traveled spain often. Had the Reconquista (gained back the moors from muslims). Isabella was the main person in charge. They were patrons of scholars, art, education, columbus. Catherine of Aragon was their daughter

P:1 U:2) Concordat of Bologna

Francis 1 and pope Leo X reached an agreement that allowed the french ruler to control appointment of Bishops. This weakened the catholic church’s hold on France and gave power to france which strengthened the king.

P:1 U:2) Jean Bodin

French political philosopher. Member of the Estates general, and was a professor of law. Sovereign power consisted of he righ to make laws, tax, administer justice, etc. Critiqued Frances church, but was catholic.

P:1 U:2) Hugo Grotius

Dutch Journalist who believed in one body of rules to reduce the dealing of government to a system of reason and order. Governed not by force or warfare, but by actual laws. Natural law

P:1 U:2) The Habsburgs

Very powerful rulers of the Holy Roman Empire. Attempted Imperial centralization with the Imperial Diet (parliament). Became used by princes to increase their power. Recormaton worsened rivalries and further strengthened local independence. Religious separation

P:1 U:2) English Civil War

King Charles and James refused to listen to parliament and were catholic. Charles tried to arrest parliament but they fled. Royalists fs parliamentarians (led by cromwell). Charles got executed and his kids were exiled to france. Cromwell became a dictator and was hated by the people because of his strict, puritan laws. English wanted their king back, so they got Charles II (charles’ son)

P:1 U:2) james I

scottish mary stuarts son (part of the stuart dynasty). he believed in no parliament, the divine right, and was a cathloic instead of protestant. however, he still agreed to uphold the protestant religion in england. he created the king James bible. puritans in parliament were angrly when he married a catholic, french, wife.

P:1 U:2) Charles I

son of James I and believed in the divine right of kings and didn’t want the parliament. He only used the parliament for money. He refused to sign a petition of rights and dissolved the parliament for 11 years. He tried to get parliament back to get money and arrest them for treason but they all fled. this led to civil war between royalists and parliamentarians. Charles got his head chopped off.

P:1 U:2) oliver cromwell

leader of the toundheads. post civil war he was a military dictator who forced strict religious rules on the people of england. he was puritan and made having fun (ex going to theatre and sports, merrymaking, amusement, christmas) illegal. he kills the irish and makes the civillians want their king back —> charles II

P:1 U:2) louis XIII

french king who fought to get power back from cardinal richeileu who helped adivise louis since louis got the thrown as a young boy. Louis XIII died young and his son Louis XIV (sun king) succeeded him

P:1 U:2) Cardinal Richelieu

high ranking catholic official who was a self made man. he was friends with the queen of france, aswell as a father figure to Louis XIII. He ruled for Louis and ended up saving france financially (they previously had no uniform currency, religious differences, and a lack of compitent rulers). He took the role of the monarch and reduced nobility with a system of spies. He raised taxis and had an unholy allience with sweeden. he used politique (success of the state > everything else)

P:1 U:2) France centralizing strategies used by monarchs (late 15th and early 16th century)

• strengthen finances

• permanent army

• reconciling warring factions

• expel english

• persecution of protestants

P:1 U:2) England centralizing strategies used by monarchs (late 15th and early 16th century)

• marraige (red and white rose)

• accounting, record keeping (strengthened economy)

• nobles had tudor insignia (had to show their loyalty to the united tudors

P:1 U:2) Spain Centralizing strategies used by monarchs (late 15th and early 16th century)

• marraige (ferdinand and isabella)

• combine regionsa

• gained back moors

• single common currency and language (castile)

• travel kingdom constantly

P:1 U:2) france: how monarchs exerted or strengthened aristocratic authority (late 15th and early 16th century)

• subdued nobility

• spun lies to harm enemies to crown (louis XI spider king)

• absolute monarchy

• ruler decided France’s bishop (treaty of Bologna)

P:1 U:2) england: how monarchs exerted or strengthened aristocratic authority (late 15th and early 16th century)

• didnt trust nobility

• took away birth rights

• no symbol other than tudor rose

• tried them in priv court (star chamber)

• no priv army

P:1 U:2) spain: how monarchs exerted or strengthened aristocratic authority (late 15th and early 16th century)

• strengthened education for all aristocrats regardless of gender

• spanish inquisition (persecute protestors and non christians)

P:1 U:2) obstacles to royal authority faced by french, english, and spanish monarchs

• france: estates general

  • never had much power

• england: Parliament

  • chief representative body that could approve rulers actions

• spain: none

P:1 U:3) protestant reformation

criticising of the catholic church. started 10/31/1517 by martin luther. he posted the 95 thesis on church walls for everyone to see on all saints day (11/1). his two main ideas were that you get repentance from God (not indulgences) and that faith (not deeds) leads to heaven. the reformation started in Germany and spread.

P:1 U:3) indulgences

the selling of forgiveness for your sins by the catholic church. one of the main reasons for the reformation.

P:1 U:3) st. teresa of avila

a nun working in a convent who wanted to reform the monasteries because they were an unholy “frat” house. she had a dream that she needed to reform them. revival of spirituality.

P:1 U:3) Index of prohibited books

catholic church banned books that were anti catholic in ANY way and kept them from being read/printed by catholics. this list included books from the scientific rev by authors such as galileo and copernicus. this ban lasted from 1557-1966

P:1 U:3) Inquisition

part of the catholic counter reformation. a group of catholics who try to combat any protestantism

P:1 U:3) book of common prayer

an anglican “bible” during Edward VI’s reign

P:1 U:3) catholic or counter reformation

council of Trent, revival of spirituality (live like Jesus- simplicity), society of Jesus (Jesuits). revived power of Papacy: recognized jesuits, roman inquisition, galileo, index of forbidden books

P:1 U:3) christian humanism

a combination of italian humanism and christianity. it combined classical ideas of calmness, stoical patience, and broadmindedness with christian ideas of love faith and hope

P:1 U:3) Erasmus

wanted everyone (even women) to read the bible. he wanted it to be translated into all languages and wanted to educate people about the bible. he emphasised inner spirituality and personal morality. roots to the protestant reformation

P:1 U:3) sir thomas more

wrote “utopia” which focused on religious, financial, and educational freedom. critiqued his “modern” society

P:1 U:3) martin luther and 95 thesis

became a pariah to the church. allies fake kidnap him for 6-7 years so he could translate the bible. he wanted people to be able to interpret the bible for themselves. he created sunday school (led to improved literacy rates)

P:1 U:3) calvin

lived in switzerland and believed that God controls everything and that people have no free will. He didn’t want any icons, statues, or paintings in church. he believed that fashion=vanity. the new middle class identifies with calvin because they connect economic prosperity to spiritual salvation. ppl wanted to work and follow God’s Law: “Protestant work ethic”

P:1 U:3) anabaptists

believed that baptism should be later in life, like it was for Jesus. they were persecuted so they moved to the new world (became amish)

P:1 U:3) Jesuit order

society of jesus. Ignatius of Loyola was a founder. their mission was spiritual warfare and they had absolute obedience to the pope. they wanted to educate others on catholicism by making schools, were missionaries who spread the catholic faith, and fought protestantism

P:1 U:3) Council of Trent 1545-63

affirmation of catholic doctrine that focused on scripture, tradition, and magisterium (teaching authority of the church). got rid of indulgences and corruption. created anathema: an excommunicated person; a curse. you become an anathema by questioning the church at all (even by thinking it). this got people back to mass

P:1 U:3) Henry VIII (with reformation)

because he wanted to marry Anne he split from catholic church. kept many catholic elements, but allowed divorce and dissolved monasteries (sold the land for money —> landed gentry)

P:1 U:3) Elizabeth I

daughter of Henry VIII and Anne Boleyn. Protestant Virgin Queen who was a powerful ruler. she defeated the spanish armada (but it was lowkey just the storm) and this shifted naval power to england. she worked well with parliament. her death ended the tudor dynasty

P:1 U:3) politique

putting your country over yourself and your religion. used by Elizabeth I, Richelieu, and Henry IV

P:1 U:3) Huguenots

name for protestants in France

P:1 U:3) Puritans

extreme protestants in england that wanted a very very simple way of life. persecuted and moved to new world

P:1 U:3) French Wars of Religion

King Henry III of Valois vs Henry of Guise (catholics) vs Henry of Navarre (protestant -bourbon family-). war sparked b/c of St Bartholomew’s day massacre. Henry of Navarre ends up winning.

P:1 U:3) St. Bartholomew’s Massacre

caused because of wedding of henry bourbon and margaret. he’s huguenot, she’s catholic. any diff types of christians in the same place for the wedding. catholics start killing huguenots, and 3,000 were killed in one day in Paris. total of 10,000 killed iin all of france

P:1 U:3) henry IV

winner of french wars of religion. he’s huguenot and married catholic margarot but she refused to sleep with him and dies. he becomes king henry IV and converts to catholicism for france (politique). killed by assassination but creates long lasting dynasty

P:1 U:3) Philip II of Spain

married to bloody mary. Felt he had a claim to english throne when wife died and had to return nation to Catholicism. wanted to replace Elizabeth and sent the spanish armada

P:1 U:3) Edict of Nantes

king henry IV gave religious toleration w/i france for huguenots, but this had limitations

P:1 U:3) Peace of Augsburg

failed. it gave German princes the right to pick either catholicism or lutheranism as the official religion of their states

P:1 U:3) Spanish Armada

the troops sent to England to give Philip II control. spanish had the best navy at the time, so england was very scared. Elizabeth gave them a pep talk and the spanish were defeated by a storm

P:1 U:3) thirty years war.

• started as a failure of the peace of augsburg and had 4 phases

  • bohemian

    • defenestration of prague where two Holy Roman Empire officials were thrown out of a window into poo

    • catholics win

  • danish

    • catholics win

  • swedish

    • kinda a tie (catholics kinda win)

  • french phase

    • cardinal richelieu allies with protestants to defeat the HRE (politique)

  • protestants win

• results:

  • balance of power by diplomacy emerged in europe

    • preserve sovereignty

    • don’t let other nations become superior

P:1 U:3) peace of westphalia

ended catholic reformation in Germany and renewed peace of augsburg (added calvinism as an option). Germany must remain politically and religiously divided. no centralizing and dissolved the holy roman empire. balanced power in europe. ppl thought it was going to make forever peace in europe

P:1 U:3) diet of worms

martin luther was tried for blasphemy by the Holy Roman Emperor Charles V. martin refused to recant and was supported by nobles (b/c they didn’t wanna pay indulgences)

P:1 U:4) General commercial and religious motives of exploration

commercial: gold and sliver, spices, fur, and tobacco

religious: spread their religion and/or escape religious persecution

P:1 U:4) Treaty of Tordesillas

the pope split the world in 2 halves and gave the West to spain and the east to portugal. portugal went down the coast of africa and to the indian ocean for spices. spain went for gold to the americas

P:1 U:4) mercantilism

a bunch of rules made by the government to control how money is used and managed

P:1 U:4) major navigational technology

boats: cargo spaces got bigger, boats got faster, changed sail arrangement so that they could sail in any wind.

astrological: astrolabe allowed ships to calculate their latitude and tell time, cross staff and quadrant measured angles between horizon and stars

defense: canons on ships

P:1 U:4) portuguese in africa, asia, and south america

portugal claimed brazin and gained acces to sugar cane from the social. south american colonies were very profitable. africa had lots of gold. global advantage in shipbuilding, navigation, and map making. started to want spice, gold, and slaves. first water route from india to europe. cinamon, ginger, black pepper, saffron.

P:1 U:4) the columbian exchange

the widespread transfer of plants, animals, diseases, and cultures between the new world and old world following columbus’ voyages in 1492

P:1 U:4) spain in the americas, caribbean, and the pacific

spain was looking for land, gold, slaves, and colonies. they had a conquest of aztecs and incas. the natives for the most part gave them what they wanted. they went up and down cali’s coast and to philippines as well. they went through the caribbean on their way to mexico

african slave trade

europe took slaves from africa and transported them to colonies. they needed new slaves because they killed Native american workers and had no one to work on/farm cash crops

P:1 U:4) triange trade

europe—>africa—>new world—-> repeat

portuguese vs dutch approaches to trade

• portuguese sailed eastward and obtained goods that they would then trade for other items and spices. they would indirectly trade for many things

• dutch ships went straight to spices and returned with spices, not interchanging along the way. they had one goal

P:1 U:4) commercial motives of each country

• england: spices and tobacco

• france: fur

• netherlands: spices and fur

• portugal: spices

• spain: gold and silver

P:1 U:4) religious motives for each country

• england: flee religious persecution

• france: missionaries (jesuits)

• dutch: spread calvinism

• portugal: missionaries

• spain: spreading religion

P:1 U:4) technology of each country

• england: galleons (narrow, easy to steer ships)

• France: Corvet

• Netherlands: Fluyt

• portugal: caraval

• spain: galleon

P:1 U:5) double-entry bookkeeping

record your transactions in two parts/pieces. one book is what you spent,, and the other is what you got. this organized the financial records and helped trade and manage cash flow

P:1 U:5) bank of amsterdam

1609 the first modern, central bank

P:1 U:5) the dutch east india company

joint stock company that traded spices and all ships.investors got profit no matter if their ship sank. netherlands economy went waaayyyy up

P:1 U:5) the british east india company

traded cotton and silk, gunpower, indigo, and spices. became very powerful and had its own military and became like and imperial power. gov had to reign it in and took its money

P:1 U:5) gentry in england

landed gentry was a new class created when hentry Viii took the land from convents and other catholic places and sold it to this new class

P:1 U:5) hidalgos in spain

nobles without a hereditary title

P:1 U:5) nobles of the robe in france

noble titles given to judges/administratives