APSUH

Manifest Destiny

Phrase expressed the popular belief that the United States had a divine mission to extend its power and civilization across the breadth of North America.

Nationalism, population increase, rapid economic development, technological advances, and reform ideals.

Four factors that drove manifest destiny

Moses Austin

Missouri Banker obtained a large land grant in Texas but died before he could attract settlers for the land.

Stephen Austin

Son of Moses Austin, who took over the cause

General Santa Anna

Was a general who seized power in Mexico as a dictator, he increased the powers of the national government at the expense of the state governments, a measure that Texans from the United States assumed Santa Anna was aiming directly at them.

The Alamo

Santa Anna led a large army into Texas, where the American setters tried to defend in squabbling factions, but Mexican forces annihilated the American Garrison at the Alamo mission in San Antonio after the famous, yet futile, group of Texas "patriots" tried to fight back.

Davey Crockett

A member of the group of Texas "patriot" fighters, during the Alamo, he was a renowned frontiersman and former Tennessee congressman.

Sam Houston

A general who managed to keep a small force together, and they defeated the Mexican army, which led to Texas independence. (victory at San Jacinto)

Battle of San Jacinto

Houston's men defeated the Mexican army on April 21, 1836, at the Battle of San Jacinto, and took Santa Anna prisoner, until he signed the treaty that gave Texas its independence.

John Tyler

President who seceded from William Henry Harrison; a southern whig who was worried about the growing influence of the British in Texas. Attempts at annexation in 1844 were denied by Congress; which Pushed for a treaty with the British about Oregon territory..

Webster-Ashburton Treaty

Signed in 1842, the Treaty resolved several border disputes between the US and the British North American colonies. The Maine-Newbrunswick border, the Lake Superior, and the Lake of the Woods border saw the 49th parallel as the border in the West. A formal end of the slave trade on the high seas and shared use of the Great Lakes was established. Borders became fixed.

"Fifty-four forty or fight

Slogan by democratic candidate James K Polk who favored the annexation of Texas, the acquisition of California, and the reoccupation of Oregon Territory to the border with Russian Alaska at Latitude 54 40'

Election of 1844

Election in which dark horse candidate James K Polk won

Oregon trail

Was the major route west for migrants, 2,000 miles; it stretched from Independence across the Great Plains and through the South Pass of the Rocky Mountains, from here many migrants either went south along the California trail, or southwest, along the Sante Fe Trail.

Kanagawa Treaty

Allowed US vessels to enter two Japanese ports to take on coal.

John Slidell

Dispatched by James Polk as his special envoy to the government in Mexico City to accomplish 2 things: Persuade Mexico to sell California and New Mexico Territories to the US, and settle the disputed Mexico-Texas border that they believed was on the Rio Grande (failed on both counts)Rio Grande

Zachary Taylor

Under orders of Polk, in the summer of 1845 he led a small army to Texas to protect the new state against possible Mexican invasion; later led 6000 men, drove the Mexican army from Texas, crossed the Rio Grande, and secured a major victory at Buena Vista.

Stephen Kearney

Succeeded in taking Santa Fe, the New Mexico Territory, and Southern California.

John C Fermont

Overthrew Mexican rule in northern California (June 1846) and proclaimed California to be an independent republic with a bear on its fla .g

Winfield Scott

Led American troops in Mexico City during the Mexican American War Mexicans surrendered to h.im

Mexico recognized their Grandede as the southern border of Texas, the US took possession of the former provinces of California and New Mexico Mexican cession) in which the US paid 15 million for them.

Terms of Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo

Wilmot Proviso

An amendment proposed by David Wilmot of Pennsylvania suggested that slavery should never exist in any of the territories to be acquired from Mexico. The Wilmot Proviso passed the House twice but never made it past the Senate. The Southern states were unwilling to be robbed of prospective slave states and fought bitterly for expanded slavery. Northerners would individually adopt the Wilmot Proviso by state.

Compromise of 1850

This compromise signed by Millard Fillmore deals with the disputed territory and the controversy of whether California should join. The results were that California joined as a free state, and what was left of the Mexican Cession land became New Mexico and Utah, and did not restrict slavery and would be decided by popular sovereignty. The compromise benefited the North more than the South.

Election of 1848

Election in which Zachary Taylor came out victorious

The Ostend Manifesto

took place in 1854. A group of southerners met with Spanish officials in Belgium to attempt to get more slave territory. They felt this would balance out Congress. They tried to buy Cuba but the Spanish would not sell it. Southerners wanted to take it by force and the northerners were outraged by this thought.

Clayton Bulwer Treaty

between the U.S. and Great Britain agreeing that neither country would try to obtain exclusive rights to the canal across the Isthmus of Panama; Abrogated by the U.S. in 1881

Gadsden Purchase

A small piece of land from from Mexico was purchased for 10 million dollars by President Pierce.

Free Soil Party

organized by anti-slavery men in the north, democrats who were resentful at Polk's actions, and some conscience Whigs. The Free-Soil Party was against slavery in the new territories. They also advocated federal aid for internal improvements and urged free government homesteads for settlers. This Free-Soil Party foreshadowed the emergence of the Republican Party.

Lewis Cass

Named the father of "popular sovereignty." Ran for president in 1848 but Gen. Taylor won. The North was against Cass because popular sovereignty made it possible for slavery to spread.

Popular sovereignty

idea credited to Lewis Cass for how to settle the slavery issue in the new territories; would allow the people living in the new region to decide for themselves whether the territory would be slave or free.

The annexation of the Republic of Texas by the U.S. in 1845 and from a dispute over whether Texas ended at the Nueces River (the Mexican claim) or the Rio Grande (the U.S. claim).

Reasons for the mexican-american war

The Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo, The US gain of the Mexcian session, tensions around slavery grew

Consequences of the Mexican-American war.

The idea of Manifest Destiny was driven by Nationalism, population increase, rapid economic development, technological advances, and reform ideals

What was the reason for westward expansion in the U?

Kansas-Nebraska Act

Introduced by Stephen Douglas divided the Nebraska Territory into two parts, the Kansas and Nebraska territories, and allowed settlers in each territory to decide whether to allow territories; Gave southerners a chance to expand slavery into the land the Missouri Compromise previously prohibited.

New England Emigrant Aid Company

Organized by Northern abolitionists and Free-Soilers paid for the transportation of antislavery settlers to Kansas.

Republican Party

Founded by former Whigs who opposed slavery expansion. Founded in Wisconsin in 1854 as a reaction to the passage of the Kansas-Nebraska Act

Know Nothing Party

Originally called, "The Supreme Order of the Star-spangled Banner, policies they supported included increasing the time required for immigrants to attain citizenship from five years to twenty-one years and allowing only native-born citizens; nativists.

Dred Scott v Sandford

Supreme court case ruled by RogerTaneyy that effectively nullified the Missouri compromise by calling it unconstitutional, said that African Americans were not intended to be US citizens and that they were property.

Crittenden Compromise

Proposed that John Crittenden of Kentucky would guarantee the right to hold slaves in all territories south of the old Missouri Compromise line to hold off southern secession even when Buchanan did nothing

Anaconda Plan

WInfield's Scott plan was to use the US Navy to blockade southern ports, take control of the Mississippi River to divide the confederacy in two and raise and train an army 500,000 strong to conquer Richmond

.Antietam

Bloodiest day in the history of the Civil Wat

Appomattox Courthouse

Place where Grant and Lee met for the Southern surrender in the war

Gettysburg

Most crucial and deadly battle for the union

Fort Sumter

Signaled the beginning of the war

Bull Run

First major battle of the war where the Union was born down by General Stonewall Jackson, in the second the Union was again beaten by Robert E. Lee

Vicksburg

Turning point of the Civil War for the Union in which they gained control of New Orleans and most of the Mississippi River which effectively was able to split the Confederacy

Franklin Pierce

a pro-southern northerner who supported the Compromise of 1850 and especially the Fugitive Slave Law and won the election of 1852

James Buchanan

Winner of the election of 1856; tried to maintain a balance between proslavery and antislavery factions, but his moderate views angered radicals in both North and South, and he was unable to forestall the secession of South Carolin.

Roger Taney

The Supreme Court Justice itheedScottt Ruling was previously attorney general for Jackson.

John Brown

Led a small band of followers and formerly enslaved people to attack the federal arsenal at Harpers Ferry. Captured by Robert E. Lee and hanged.

Winfield Scott

General in chief of the Union Army who came up with the Anaconda plan; Mexican american war veteran

George McClellan

the commander of the Confederate army during the time of Bull Run

Robert E Lee

Leading Confederate General who defeated the Union in the Second Battle of Bull Run

Ulysses S Grant

started the war after an unsuccessful civilian career; successfully Fort Donerlson and the Cumberland River.

David Farragut

Captured new Orleands with the Union Navy.

William Tecumseh Sherman

He served as a General in the Union Army during the American Civil War (1861-65), for which he received recognition for his outstanding command of military strategy as well as criticism for the harshness of the "scorched earth" policies that he implemented in conducting total war against the Confederate State.s

Jefferson Davis

President of the Confederacy

Alexander Stephens

VicPresidentnt of the f confederacy

Abraham Lincoln

Signed the Emancipation Proclamation, declared civil war, union president,

Montgomery Alabama

First capital of the confederacy before the upper south seceded

Richmond Virginia

Second Capital of the confederate confederacy after the South had seceded

South Carolina

First southern state to secede

South Carolina, Georgia, Florida, Alabama, Mississippi, Louisiana, and Texas

First seven states to secede

South Carolina, Georgia, Florida, Alabama, Mississippi, Louisiana, Texas, Virginia, North Carolina, Tennessee, and Arkansas

States of the Confederacy