Civil Rights Movement

Martin Luther King Jr.

Peaceful activist, leader of SCLC

Rosa Parks

activist involved with the NAACP, arrested on a bus

Little Rock 9

nine black students went to an all white school, and desegregated schools

James Farmer

leader of CORE

James Meredith

 first African American to enroll at the University of Mississippi

Malcolm X

a follower of the Nation of Islam, called for self-defense and a more radical approach to Civil Rights

Stokely Carmichael

“Black Power”

James Earl Ray

murdered Martin Luther King Jr

Yuri Gagarin

first man in space

Alan Shepard

 first American in space

John F. Kennedy

 democrat U.S. president, assassinated

Plessy v. Ferguson

The Supreme Court ruled that segregation was constitutional

Brown V. Board of Education

declared that segregation in schools was unconstitutional

Montgomery Bus Boycott

13-month non-violent protest where African Americans refused to ride the city buses 

Freedom Rides

 volunteers who rode buses to convince President Kennedy to enforce the laws

Birmingham Protests

convince President Kennedy to pass a new civil rights law to end racial violence, which led to King and others getting arrested

March on Washington / “I Have A Dream” speech

250,000 people marched on the nation's capital to demand the immediate passage of the civil rights bill

Freedom Summer

 a campaign to gain voting rights, mainly done by college students trained in nonviolence

Bay of Pigs

 a failed attempt by the U.S. Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) to overthrow the Cuban government of Fidel Castro

Dejure segregation

segregation that is imposed by law

De facto segregation

segregation by unwritten customs or traditions

NAACP

Founded by W.E.B. DuBois, Ida B. Wells, and notable leader Thurgood Marshall

SCLC (Southern Christian Leadership Council)

 employing nonviolent resistance and direct action to fight for racial equality. Led by King Jr

CORE (Congress of Racial Equality)

 fought racial discrimination through nonviolent direct action. Led by James Farmer

24th Amendment

outlaws poll tax

Civil Rights Act of 1964

banned most discrimination, enlarged federal power, and established equal employment opportunity 

Voting Rights Act of 1965

eliminated voter literacy tests, enabled federal examiners to register voters

Civil Rights Act of 1968

 ended discrimination in housing

Kerner Commission

studied urban violence and concluded the number one cause was racism 

Warren Commission

 investigate the assassination of John F. Kennedy

“Black Power”

 Stokely Carmichael 

Kennedy Space Challenge

challenged the US to put a man on the moon by the end of the decade

Berlin Wall

to prevent people from escaping to the West from East Berlin