Lab 1

Hemoglobin

a protein located within red blood cells that helps transport oxygen

Plasma

The non-living, liquid portion of blood

Formed elements

the cellular or cellular fragments of blood consisting of erythrocytes, leukocytes and platelets

Erythrocytes

Anucleate ells, also known as RBCs that transport CO₂ and O₂ to and from the tissues

Leukocytes

also known as WBCs, has nucleus, lacks hemoglobin and assists in defending the body against foreign bodies; many different types

Platelets

Fragments of cells broken off from larger, parent cell (megakaryocyte in the red bone marrow that are essential in the process of blood clotting

Hematopoiesis

the process by which blood cells are formed

Hemocytoblast

A stem cell from which all blood cells are derived; found in red bone marrow

Lymphoid cells

One of two stem cell linages that differentiates into either a B lymphocyte or a T lymphocyte

myeloid cells

One of two stem cell linages that differentiates into megakaryocytes, RBCs, or certain WBCs (monocytes, neutrophils, esophils, basophils)

Hormones

A regulatory substance that stimulates

Cytokines

A secreted substance that causes an effect on other cells, used here to refer to signaling compounds for WBCs productions

Erythropoietin (EPO)

A hormone release by kidney fibroblasts when oxygen levels are law in kidney, causing erythroid progenitor cells to grow not die, and induce differentiation to make more RBCs

Erythropoiesis

The process that describes that formation of red blood cells from stem cells

Reticulocytes

The immature form of red blood cells

Megakaryocytes

Cells located within the bone marrow that produce platelets

Neutrophils

the most abundant leukocyte that function to engulf foreign bacteria via phagocytosis

Monocytes

the third most abundant leukocyte that function to engulf foreign bacteria via phagocytosis

Lymphocytes

the second most abundant leukocyte that plays a more general role in the immune system by directly attacking virus-infected or tumor cells or stimulating the productions of antibodies

Eosinophils

the second to least abundant leukocyte that functions to fight against parasitic worms and allergy mediate responses

Basophils

the least abundant leukocyte , acts in the release of histamine or other inflammation mediators

Anemias

reduced oxygen carrying ability of the blood

Leukemia

An abnormal, increase in the production and release of immature leukocytes by cancerous bone marrow cells

Sickle cell anemia

A type of anemia that result in a crescent shape RBC due to an alternative form of hemoglobin

Hematocrit

a type of anemia that results in a crescent shape red blood cell due to an alternative form of hemoglobin

Polycythemia

when a hematocrit becomes elevated above normal ranges

Buffy coat

The small white layer above red blood cells, below plasma after centrifugation that consists of white blood cells and platelets

Blood type

Determined by the presence or absence of specific antigens

A glycoprotein (antigen)

The presence of this antigen categorizes someone with type A blood

B glycoprotein (antigen)

The presence of this antigen categorizes someone with type B blood

O blood type

The absence of this both A and B antigen categorizes someone with type O blood

RH antigens

categorizes someone as being Rh positive or RH negative; someone with the antigen is positive and the lack of antigen categorizes someone as negative

agglutination

the process that occurs when a specific antigen mixes with its corresponding antibody

Antibodies

Plasma proteins that attack specific antigens and destroy the cells bearing those antigens and destroy the cells bearing those antigens or make cellular destruction easier

Anti-A antibodies

Antibodies against the A antigen

anti-B antibodies

Antibodies against the B antigen

Ant-Rh antibodies

Antibodies against the Rh antigen

Universal donor

Someone with O- blood can donate RBCs to every other blood type

Universal recipient

Someone with AB⁺ blood can receive RBCs from every other blood type