Brain and Behavior Flashcards

Flashcards based on lecture notes covering localization of brain function, synapses, emotion and cognition, enculturation, and acculturation.

What is localization of function?

The theory that specific areas of the brain are responsible for certain behaviors or cognitive processes.

What is the mid-temporal lobe?

A brain region linked to visual memory and perception.

What was the aim of the Draganski et al. (2004) study?

To investigate whether learning a new motor skill (juggling) would lead to structural changes in the brain.

How does the Draganski et al. (2004) study support localization of brain function?

The study supports localization because the structural changes were specific to a brain region associated with the practiced skill (visual tracking and memory).

What are neurotransmitters?

Chemicals that transmit signals across a synapse from one neuron to another.

What is an excitatory synapse?

Increases the likelihood that the receiving neuron will fire (e.g., acetylcholine).

What is an antagonist?

A substance that blocks neurotransmitter receptors (e.g., scopolamine blocks acetylcholine).

What was the aim of the Troster & Beatty (1989) study?

To determine the role of acetylcholine (ACh) in the encoding of semantic memory.

What were the results of the Troster & Beatty (1989) study?

Scopolamine impaired the participants' ability to recall the words after 40 minutes, suggesting it interfered with the encoding of new semantic memories.

What was the conclusion of the Troster & Beatty (1989) study regarding the role of acetylcholine?

Since acetylcholine normally binds to excitatory synapses to help encode memory, blocking ACh receptors reduced this ability. This demonstrates the excitatory role of ACh in memory formation.

What is a cognitive process?

Mental processes like memory, attention, or perception.

What is emotion?

A strong feeling that can influence cognition.

What is a flashbulb memory?

A vivid, detailed memory of an emotionally significant event.

What was the aim of the Brown & Kulik (1977) study?

To investigate whether shocking or emotionally charged events produce stronger memories.

What was the conclusion of the Brown & Kulik (1977) study?

Emotional intensity and personal relevance lead to stronger, more detailed memories, supporting the concept of flashbulb memories.

What is enculturation?

The process by which individuals learn the behaviors and norms of their own culture.

What is a gender schema?

Culturally learned beliefs about gender roles.

What was the aim of the Hilliard & Liben (2010) study?

To examine how being exposed to gendered language influences children's beliefs and behaviors.

What was the conclusion of the Hilliard & Liben (2010) study?

Cultural reinforcement of gender roles (through language) leads to children adopting those roles—an example of enculturation.

What is acculturation?

The process of adapting to a new culture while possibly maintaining elements of one’s original culture.

What is acculturative stress?

Psychological impact of adapting to a new cultural environment.

What was the aim of the Miranda & Matheny (2000) study?

To identify protective factors that reduce acculturative stress in Latino immigrants in the U.S.

What was the conclusion of the Miranda & Matheny (2000) study?

Successful acculturation is linked to support systems and the ability to navigate the new culture.