Ch 16 flashcards

Pain

What is the definition of pain according to the International Association for the Study of Pain?

Pain is an unpleasant sensory and emotional experience associated with actual or potential tissue damage.

What are the four phases of nociception?

Transduction, Transmission, Perception, Modulation.

What are the three systems involved in the central interpretation of pain?

Sensory-discriminating system, Affective-motivational system, Cognitive-evaluative system.

What is the difference between pain threshold and pain tolerance?

Pain threshold is the lowest intensity of pain that a person can recognize; pain tolerance is the greatest intensity of pain that an individual can endure.

What physiological response is triggered by endogenous pyrogens during fever?

It elevates the temperature set point in the hypothalamus.

What are the primary classifications of sleep disorders?

Dyssomnias, Parasomnias, Sleep disorders associated with medical/psychiatric disorders, Proposed sleep disorders.

What is the temperature range considered normal for adults?

36.2−37.7°C (97.2−99.9°F).

What neurotransmitter initiates Non-REM sleep?

Neurotransmitter withdrawal.

What are common causes of hyperthermia?

Heat cramps, heat exhaustion, heat stroke, malignant hyperthermia.

What is a symptom of chronic pain observed during assessment?

The person is often depressed.

What is the significance of the periaqueductal gray in pain modulation?

It plays a role in descending pain modulation, inhibiting or facilitating pain pathways.

Which fibers are responsible for the sharp, localized pain sensation?

A-delta fibers.

What does the term 'neuroplasticity' refer to in the context of chronic pain?

The maintenance and adaptation of pain signals in the nervous system.

What is REM sleep also known as?

Paradoxical sleep.

What are some physiological responses to fever?

Elevated temperature, increased neutrophils, and immunologic responses.

What disorders may be associated with alterations in taste?

Hypogeusia, Ageusia, Parageusia.

What types of hearing loss are there?

Conductive, Sensorineural, Mixed, Functional hearing loss.

What is a common alteration in visual acuity associated with increased intraocular pressure?

Glaucoma.

What is chronic pain classified as, in terms of duration?

Pain that lasts at least three months.

Which lobe of the brain processes sensory information from the body?

Parietal Lobe.

What is the role of opioids in pain modulation?

They are pain inhibitors that reduce the sensation of pain.

What physiological mechanisms are involved in heat conservation?

Vasoconstriction and voluntary mechanisms.

What is the effect of sympathetic nervous system activation on temperature regulation?

It promotes heat conservation.

What common sleep disorder may occur due to leptin resistance?

Obesity hypoventilation syndrome.

What does 'dyssomnia' encompass in terms of sleep disorders?

Intrinsic, extrinsic, and circadian rhythm dysfunction.

What does age-related macular degeneration (AMD) refer to?

Vision loss caused by degradation of the retina over time.