ch 5 - human anatomy and physiology review

anatomy

structural composition of the body

physiology

function of the body

anatomic position

the typical position we visualize the body in when referring to medical personnel. a person in the anatomic position is standing erect, with feet parallel, arms at the sides, and eyes and palms facing forward

supine position

patient is lying on the back with the face up

prone position (2 defs)

patient is laying face down. not a good position for drawing blood

hand with the palm facing down, blood is drawn from the hand veins

lateral/recumbent position

patient lying on their left or right side, not a good position for drawing blood

body plane

flat surface resulting from a real or imaginary cut thru a body in the normal anatomic position

frontal (coronal) plane

divides the body vertically into front and back portions

midsagittal (medial) plane

divides the body vertically into equal right and left portions

sagittal plane

divides the body vertically into right and left portions

transverse plane

divides the body horizontally into upper and lower portions

anterior (ventral)

to the front of the body

posterior (dorsal)

to the back of the body

external (superficial)

on or near the surface of the body

internal (deep)

within or near the center of the body

medial

toward the midline or middle of the body

lateral

toward the side of the body

palmar + what is the opposite term

concerning the palm of the hand (opposite term is dorsal)

plantar + what is the opposite term

concerning the sole of the foot (opposite term is dorsal)

proximal

nearest to the center of the body, origin, or point of attachment

distal

farthest from the center of the body, origin, or point of attachment

superficial

close to the surface of the body

deep

far below the surface of the body

superior (cranial)

higher, or above or toward the head

inferior (caudal)

beneath, or lower or away from the head

body cavities

large, hollow spaces where various organs of the body are housed

dorsal (posterior) cavities (location + which cavities)

in the back of the body, include the cranial cavity which houses the brain and the spinal cavity which encases the spinal cord

ventral (anterior) cavity (location + which cavities)

front of the body, include the thoracic cavity (houses the heart), abdominal cavity (stomach, liver, pancreas, gallbladder, spleen, kidneys), pelvic cavity (urinary bladder and reproductive organs)

do mature RBCs have nuclei?

no

4 basic types of tissue

connective, epithelial, muscle, nerve

connective tissue (make sure to also think of what kinds of tissue it includes, 4 types)

supports and connects all parts of the body and includes adipose (fat) tissue, cartilage (tough flexible tissue), bone, and blood

epithelial tissue

covers and protects the body and lines organs, vessels, and cavities

muscle tissue

contracts to produce mvmt

nerve tissue

transmits electrical impulses

structures of the integumentary system (skin and its associated structures, aka appendages. what are these appendages?)

exocrine glands (oil and sweat glands), hair, nails, blood vessels, nerves, sensory organs

2 main layers of the skin

epidermis, dermis

epidermis

• __ and __ layer of the skin

• made up of __ (layered), __ (flat, scalelike) epithelial cells

• __ - contains no blood or lymph vessels

• the only living cells of the epidermis are in its deepest layer, the __ __, also called __ __, which is the only layer where mitosis occurs

• where the skin pigment __ is produced by melanocytes

outermost, thinnest, stratified, squamous, avascular, stratum germinativum, stratum basale, melanin

dermis

• aka __ or true skin

• __ layer of the skin

• thicker than the epidermis and is composed of __ and __ connective tissue

• elevations called __ and resulting depressions in the dermis where it joins the epidermis give rise to the ridges and grooves that form __. this area is often referred to as the __ __

• the dermis contains __, __ __, __, __ and __ glands, and __ __

corium, inner, elastic, fibrous, papillae, fingerprints, papillary dermis, blood, lymph vessels, nerves, sebaceous, sudoriferous, hair follicles

subcutaneous layer

• __ the skin

• composed of __ and __ tissue that connects the skin to the __ __

beneath, connective, adipose, surface muscles

the muscular system is responsible for nearly __ the body’s weight`

half

3 types of muscle

skeletal, cardiac, smooth (visceral)

skeletal muscle (location, cell characteristics, voluntary or involuntary control, function)

• attached to bones

• long and cylindrical; multinucleated; heavily striated

• voluntary

• produces mvmt at joints; stimulated by nervous system; contracts and relaxes rapidly

cardiac muscle (location, cell characteristics, voluntary or involuntary control, function)

• walls of the heart

• branching networks; special membranes (intercalated disks) between cells; single nucleus; lightly striated

• involuntary

• pumps blood out of heart; self-excitatory but influenced by nervous system and hormones

smooth (visceral) muscle (location, cell characteristics, voluntary or involuntary control, function)

• walls of hollow organs, vessels, respiratory passageways

• tapered at each end, branching networks; nonstriated

• involuntary

• produces peristalsis; contracts and relaces slowly; may sustain contraction

hemopoiesis/hematopoiesis + which system is responsible

production of blood cells, skeletal

4 types of bone shapes + give examples

flat - rib bones and most skull (cranial) bones

irregular - back bones (vertebrae) and some facial bones

long - leg (femur, tibia, fibula), arm (humerus, radius, ulna), and hand bones (metacarpals, phalanges)

short - wrist (carpals) and ankle bones (tarsals)

freely movable joints have a cavity that contains a viscid (sticky), colorless liquid called __ __. some joints have a small sac nearby called a __ that is filled with that liquid. these sacs help ease mvmt over and around areas subject to friction, such as prominent joint parts or where tendons pass over bone

synovial fluid, bursa

which structural division of the nervous system do the two functional divisions, autonomic and somatic (ANS and SNS), belong to?

PNS

2 main types of nerves in PNS

motor/efferent nerves - carry impulses from the CNS to organs, glands, and muscles

sensory/afferent nerves - carry impulses to the CNS from sensory receptors in various parts of the body

pituitary gland (location + 5 major hormones)

in the brain

adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH), antidiuretic hormone (ADH), follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), growth hormone (GH), thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)

pineal gland (location + major hormone)

in the brain, posterior to the pituitary

melatonin

thyroid gland (location + 3 major hormones)

in the throat near the larynx

calcitonin, triiodothyronine or T₃, thyroxine, or T₄

parathyroid glands (location + hormone)

in the throat behind the thyroid gland; two on each side

parathyroid hormone (PTH)

thymus (location + major hormone)

in the chest behind the sternum (breastbone)

thymosin

adrenal glands (location + 4 major hormones)

one on top of each kidney

epinephrine/adrenaline, norepinephrine/noradrenaline, cortisol, aldosterone

islets of Langerhans (location + 2 major hormones)

pancreas

insulin and glucagon

testes (location + major hormone)

scrotum

testosterone

ovaries (location + 2 major hormones)

pelvic cavity

estrogen, progesterone

do the heart ventricles have endocrine functions? if so, what hormone do they secrete and in response to what?

B-type natriuretic peptide (BNP) in response to volume expansion and pressure overload

the digestive system components form a continuous passageway called the digestive or __ __, which extends from the mouth to the anus through the… (5 things)

gastrointestinal (GI) tract, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small intestines, large intestines

peristalsis

wavelike contractions of intestinal muscles which help move food through the system

7 accessory structures and organs which aid the digestive system

lips, teeth, tongue, salivary glands, liver, pancreas, gallbladder

which 3 digestive enzymes does the pancreas secrete?

amylase, lipase, trypsin

urinary system functions and main structures

filters waste products from the blood and eliminates them from the body, plays an important role in the regulation of body fluids

2 kidneys, 2 ureters, urinary bladder, urethra

oliguria

low urine output of less than 400 mL a day

polyuria

abnormally increased urine output

external respiration

occurs as a person breathes in: air travels to the lungs, where O2 from the air enters the bloodstream in the lungs. at the same time, CO2 leaves the bloodstream in the lungs and is breathed into the air as the person exhales

internal respiration

O2 leaves the bloodstream and enters the cells in the tissues, and CO2 from the cells enters the bloodstream

acidosis + how to fix

increased CO2 levels in the blood which causes a lower blood pH → hyperventilation (increasing the rate of respiration)

alkalosis + what causes it

decreased CO2 levels in the blood which causes a higher blood pH, caused by prolonged hyperventilation

normal blood pH

7.35-7.45

8 major structures of the respiratory tract

nose, pharynx (throat), larynx (voice box), trachea (windpipe), lungs, bronchi (singular, bronchus), terminal bronchioles, alveoli (singular, alveolus)