Medical Terminology - Chapter 6

agglutino

clumping

baso

base

chromo

color

coagulo

clotting

eosin

rosy red

fuso

pouring

granulo

granules

hemo/ hemato

blood

morph

shape

myelo

bone marrow

neutr

neutral

phag

eat/swallow

sanguino

blood

septic

infection

\-apheresis

removal, carry away

\-crit

separation of

\-cytic

pertaining to cells

\-cytosis

more than normal

\-emia

blood condition

\-globin

protein

\-oid

resembling

\-penia

abnormal decrease, too few

\-phil

attracted to

\-philia

condition of being attracted to

\-philic

being attracted to

\-plastin, -poiesis

formation

\-stasis

standing still

blood composition

erythrocytes, leukocytes, platelets, plasma

hematopoiesis

how blood cells are produced in there’d bone marrow

plasma

composes 55% of blood volume

90-92 % water

8-10% is plasma proteins (albumin, globulins and fibrinogen)

\

albumin

helps transport fatty substances that cannot dissolve in the water plasma

globulins

gamma globulin: act as antibody

fibrinogen

a blood clotting protein

Substances found in plasma

calcium, potassium , sodiums, glucose, amino acids, fats, urea, creatine

erythrocytes

enucleated, contain hemoglobin

average lifespan of 120 days

bilirubin: waste product disposed of by liver

leukocytes

provide protection against the invasion of pathogens such as bacteria, viruses, or other toxins

granulocytes (with granules in cytoplasm) and agranulocytes (without granules)

platelets

modern term for thrombocyte

play a critical role in blood clotting or hemostasis

thromboplastin + prothrombin = thrombin

works to convert fibrinogen to fibrin which becomes a blood clot

agglutinate

clump together (platelets)

blood typing

following ABO system

type A: anti-B antibodies, surface protein antigen A

type B: anti-A antibodies, surface protein antigen B

Type AB: both surface antigens, no antibodies (universal recipient)

Type O: no surface antigens, produced all antibodies (universal donor)

Rh factor

Rh positive: with Rh factor

Rh negative: no Rh factor will produce anti-Rh antibodies

basophilic

a leukocyte that attracts a basic pH stain

eosinophilic

pertaining to a leukocyte that attracts a rosy red stain

monocytic

pertaining to a white cell with a single large nucleus

sanguineous

pertaining to blood

thrombocytes

pertaining to a clotting cell

thrombotic

pertaining to a clot

hematology

study of blood

coagulate

to convert from liquid to a gel or solid (blood coagulation)

dyscrasia

general term indicating presence of a disease affecting blood

hematoma

collection of blood under skin as result of blood escaping into tissue from damaged blood vessels

hemorrhage

blood flowing out of a blood vessel

thrombus

hard collection of fibrin blood cells and tissue debris that is a result of hemostasis

hemophilia

hereditary blood disease in which blood clotting time is prolonged due to lack of one vital clotting factor

hyperlipidemia

condition of having too high a level of lipids such as cholesterol in blood stream, risk factor for atherosclerosis

pancytopenia

having too few of all cells

septicemia

having bacteria or their toxins in bloodstream

anemia

large group of conditions characterized by reduction in number of RBCs

aplastic anemia

severe form of anemia that develops as a consequence of loss of functioning red bone marrow

erythocytosis

too many RBCs

eryhtopenia

condition of having too few RBCs

hemolytic anemia

anemia that develops as result of destruction of erythrocytes

hemolytic reaction

destruction of patient’s erythrocytes that occurs when receiving a transfusion

hypochromic anemia

anemia resulting from having insufficient hemoglobin in erythrocytes

pernicious anemia (PA)

anemia associated with insufficient absorption of vitamin B12

polycythemia vera

production of too many RBCs by bone marrow, blood becomes too thick to easily flow through blood vessels

thalassemia

genetic disorder in which body is unable to make functioning hemoglobin

leukocytosis

condition of having too many WBCs

leukopenia

condition of having too few WBCs

myeloid leukemia

type of leukemia (cancer located in red bone marrow, large and abnormal leukocytes) in which abnormal leukocytes are granulocytes

thrombocytopenia

condition of having too few platelets

prothrombin time

indicates bloods coagulation abilities by measuring how long it takes for a clot to form about prothrombin has been activated

phlebotomy

incision into vein in order to remove blood for diagnostic test

adenoid/o

adenoids

immune

protection

inguino

groin region

lympho

lymph

lymphadeno

lymph node

lymphangio

lymph vessel

spleno

spleen

thymo

thymus gland

tonsillo

tonsils

\-globulin

protein

\-phage

to eat

\-toxic

pertaining to poison

lymphatic system

network of vessels that picks up excess tissue fluid and absorbed fats

Organs: lymph nodes, lymphatic vessels, the spleen, thymus gland, tonsils

\
* collects and purifies excess, tissue fluid called lymph
* works with the immune system to form body’s defence
* assist with fat absorption

\

immune system

immune system fights disease and infections 

\
lymph nodes, appendix, bone marrow, thymus, spleen, peers patch, tonsils and adenoids

lymphatic vessels

in green, pick up excess tissue fluid, purify it in lymph nodes and return it to circulatory system

* form network of ducts throughout body
* one way pipes

lymphatic ducts

a low pressure system that uses valves to prevent back flow

begin as a very small lymph capillaries n tissues

merge into large lymph vessels

drain into one of two large lymphatic ducts:

* the right lymphatic duct
* the thoracic lymphatic duct

lymph nodes

small organs of lymphatic tissue

house lymphocytes and antibodies

* remove pathogens and cell debris from lymph
* trap and destroy cells form cancerous tumors
* concentrated in: cervical, mediastinal, axillary, inguinal

tonsils

collection of lymphatic tissue on each side of throat

3 sets:

* palatine tonsils
* pharyngeal tonsils (adenoids)
* lingual tonsils

\
tonsils act as filters to protect the body from pathogen invasion

not essential organs

spleen

location the left upper quadrant

consists of lymphatic tissue that is highly infiltrated with blood vessels

vessels spread out into slow moving blood sinuses lines with macrophages

destroys old RBCs, recycles iron and stores blood

not essential BUT: can be at risk for serious infections,

thymus gland

located in the upper portion of the mediastinum

essential for immune development

secretes thyroxin, which changes lymphocytes to T lymphocytes

active through adolescence then it begins to shrink

Peyer’s patches

small masses of lymphatic tissue found through the ileum region of the small intestine

also known as aggregated lymphoid nodules

monitoring intestinal bacteria populations

Natural immunity

nonspecific and does not require pathogen exposure

Acquired immunity

bodies response to a specific pathogen


1. active: develops following direct exposure to a pathogen (vaccines)
2. passive acquired immunity: results when a person receives protective substances produced by another human or animal (maternal antibodies, gamma globulin injections)

Plague

a disease that affects humans and other mammals

caused by bacterium Yersinia pestis

exposure: bite of a rodeo flea that is carry the plague bacterium or by handling animals infected with plague

Ex: Bubonic plague