Andrew Jackson and Westward Expansion Test Flashcard Set

Treaty of Hopewell

1785 treaty in which the U.S. recognized Cherokee land and sovereignty but later ignored it.

Indian Removal Act

1830 law signed by Andrew Jackson that forced Native Americans to relocate west of the Mississippi River.

Trail of Tears

Forced march of mostly Cherokee to Indian Territory, causing 4,000-6,000 deaths due to starvation, exposure, and disease.

Indian Appropriations Act

1851 law creating the federal reservation system and placing tribes under government control.

Life on the Reservation

Native Americans lived under harsh federal control on poor land with limited resources and forced cultural suppression.

Dawes Act

1887 law breaking up tribal lands into individual plots to force assimilation, causing major loss of Native land and culture.

Indian Reorganization Act

1934 law restoring tribal governments and returning some tribal lands, reversing the Dawes Act.

Modern Indian Reservations

Federally controlled lands where tribes have limited sovereignty but face poverty, unemployment, and underfunding.

Andrew Jackson

7th President of the United States, seen as champion of the common white man but controversial for expanding presidential power and harsh Native policies.

Old Hickory

Jackson's nickname, earned due to his toughness, military background, and aggressive leadership.

Champion of the Common Man

Jackson expanded voting rights for white men and appealed to frontier and working-class voters.

Kitchen Cabinet

Jackson's unofficial advisers made up of close allies and political supporters instead of traditional Cabinet members.

King Andrew I

Nickname used by critics who believed Jackson abused presidential power and acted like a monarch.

Election of 1824 (Corrupt Bargain)

Jackson won the popular vote but lost when Henry Clay backed Adams in the House and became Secretary of State.

Election of 1828

Jackson defeated Adams in a campaign with increased voter participation and heavy mudslinging.

Spoils System

System where Jackson rewarded political supporters with government jobs, seen as either democratic or corrupt depending on perspective.

Tariff of Abominations

1828 tariff protecting Northern manufacturers but hurting the South, which relied on imported goods.

South Carolina Exposition

Secret document written by John C. Calhoun arguing states could nullify federal laws they believed were unconstitutional.

Nullification Crisis

South Carolina declared the tariff void and threatened secession, triggering a major national crisis.

Force Bill

Gave Jackson military authority to enforce federal law during the Nullification Crisis.

Compromise Tariff

Lowered tariff rates to ease tensions and prevent South Carolina from leaving the Union.

Bank War

Jackson fought to destroy the Second National Bank, claiming it favored wealthy elites and undermined democracy.

Nicholas Biddle

President of the National Bank and Jackson's main opponent in the Bank War.

Pet Banks

State banks where Jackson deposited federal funds after destroying the National Bank.

Results of the Bank War

Destroyed the Bank, strengthened state banking, and contributed to later financial instability.

Worcester v. Georgia

1832 Supreme Court decision ruling the Cherokee Nation was sovereign and protected from removal; Jackson refused to enforce it.

"John Marshall has made his decision; now let him enforce it."

Jackson's defiant response to the Worcester ruling, showing disregard for the Supreme Court.

Five Civilized Tribes

Cherokee, Creek, Chickasaw, Choctaw, and Seminole; forcibly removed despite efforts at assimilation.

Native American Resistance

Tribes resisted forced removal through legal action and armed resistance but were still forced west.

Lone Star Rebellion

Struggle of U.S. settlers in Texas for independence from Mexico, eventually resulting in the Republic of Texas.

Manifest Destiny

19th-century belief that the United States was destined to expand across the continent.

Expanded Suffrage

Property requirements for voting were removed, giving most white men the right to vote.

Rise of Mass Politics

Campaigning, rallies, slogans, and greater voter participation helped create a new democratic political culture.

Battle of New Orleans

Major War of 1812 victory that turned Jackson into a national hero.

Frontiersman Background

Jackson was the first president from the West and rose from poverty to national office.

Duel with Charles Dickinson

Jackson killed a man in a duel, contributing to his reputation for personal toughness.

Assassination Attempt Survived

Jackson survived a gun attack when the shooter's weapons misfired.

Katie - Hurricane Melissa in Jamaica (International)

Major storm causing destruction, flooding, and emergency relief in Jamaica.

Katie - First Ever Mushroom Casket (Domestic)

Innovative eco-friendly burial method designed to naturally decompose with the body.

Katie - Florida Man Halloween Drug Raid Arrest (Choice)

Police raid uncovered a large drug stash, leading to another arrest of a repeat Florida offender.

Zoe - Painting of St. Francis Returned to Mexican Church (International)

A stolen religious artwork was recovered and returned to its original church.

Zoe - Government Shutdown Ends (Domestic)

Congress passed funding to reopen federal agencies after a temporary shutdown.

Zoe - Epstein Files Released (Choice)

Newly released court documents revealed sealed information in the Jeffrey Epstein case.