Ch. 14, 15, 16 Exam - A&P

Formed elements

RBC, WBC, and Platelets

Red blood cells (RBCs)

Erythrocytes

Hematocrit

the percent of RBCs in a blood sample

Percentage of RBCs in a sample of human blood is normally about?

45%

Iron

required for hemoglobin synthesis, element included in hemoglobin molecule

Cyanosis

caused by increased blood concentration of deoxyhemoglobin

RBCs

biconcave cells, lack nuclei when mature

Heme

released from hemoglobin in aged red blood cells, is decomposed in the liver into iron and the bile pigment biliverdin.. converted to bilirubin

Biliverdin

greenish

Bilirubin

orange

Kidneys

regulate erythrocyte production and play a major role in producing erythropoietin

Anemia

condition in which the oxygen-carrying capacity of blood is reduced due to a deficiency of RBCs or hemoglobin

Iron Deficiency Anemia

caused by a lack of dietary iron

Granulocytes

have granular cytoplasm - neutrophils, eosinophils, and basophils

Neutrophils

most active phagocytic cells - elevated numbers in a blood test indicate bacterial infection

Agranulocytes

do not have noticeable granules when stained with Wright's stain - lymphocytes and monocytes

Lymphocytes

primary function is to act against foreign substances

Diapedesis

movements of WBCs out of the circulate

Platelets

cytoplasmic fragments of cells

Thrombocytopenia

due to a deficiency of platelets

Hemostasis

stoppage of bleeding

blood coagulation

formation of a blood clot is the change of fibrinogen to fibrin

Thrombus

an abnormal blood clot that forms in a blood vessel

Embolus

a blood clot moving through the blood vessels

RBCs of type AB blood

have antigens of A & B on their surfaces

RBCs of type A blood

have antigen A on their surfaces

RBCs of type B blood

have antigen B on their surfaces

RBCs of type O blood

have neither antigen A or B on their surfaces

Type AB

rarest ABO type in the US

Universal donor

Type O blood

Universal recipient

Type AB blood

Erythroblastosis fetalis

may occur in a second Rh-positive fetus developing in Rh-negative women

Universal Precautions

specific measures taken to prevent transmission of bloodborne pathogens

How many liters does the heart pump each day?

7,000

How many times does the heart contract in an average lifetime?

2.5 billion times

Circulation of blood

vital because it supplies oxygen and nutrients to tissue and removes wastes from tissue

Pulmonary circuit

sends oxygen-poor blood back from the heart to the lungs and oxygen-rich blood from the lungs back to the heart

Systemic circuit

sends oxygen-rich blood from the heart to the tissues and oxygen-poor blood from the tissues back to the heart

Apex end

points downward at about the 5th intercostal space

Apex base

lies beneath the 2nd rib

Fibrous pericardium

loose fitting sac around the heart

Myocardium

the middle muscular layer of the heart wall

Endocardium

inner layer, forms inner lining of the heart

Which ventricular wall of the heart is thicker?

Left

Right atrium

receives blood from the SVC, IVC, and coronary sinus

Valves

ensure that blood flows through the heart in one direction and prevents backflow

Tricuspid valve/Rt. AV valve

between Rt. atrium and Rt. ventricle

Pulmonary (semilunar) valve

between Rt. ventricle and pulmonary trunk

Bicuspid/mitral valve/Lt. AV valve

between Lt. atrium and Lt. ventricle

Aortic (semilunar) valve

between Lt. ventricle and aorta

When the ventricular walls contract..

the tricuspid and mitral valves close

Normal heart sounds

caused by the closure of the heart valves

Lubb

closing of AV valves

Dupp

closing of the pulmonary and aortic valves

Coronary arteries

supply blood to the tissues of the heart

The pain of angina pectoris comes from..

a blockage in an artery that supplies the heart with blood

Sequence of Cardiac Impulse

SA node
AV node
AV bundle
Purkinje fibers

SA Node

secondary pacemaker

Heart rate in a fetus

145 bpm

Heart rate in a newborn

140 bpm

Heart rate in an adult

70 bpm

Factors that influence heart rate?

Gender, age, body temperature

Fibrillation

uncoordinated, chaotic contraction of small areas of myocardium

Tachycardia

abnormally fast heartbeat, >100 beats/min at rest

Bradycardia

abnormally slow heartbeat,

Arteries

carry blood away from the heart

Capillaries

gas exchange-oxygen, carbon dioxide per diffusion

Factors that increase risk of developing Atherosclerosis?

lack of physical exercise, tobacco smoking, diet high in saturated fats

Systolic pressure

contraction

Diastolic pressure

relaxation

Arterial systolic pressure is most closely associated with?

Ventricular contractions

When smooth muscles in the walls of the arteries are stimulated to contract..

Blood pressure increases

Taking a pulse by putting your thumb on their wrist is..

pulse of the radial artery

Veins

blood reservoir

Skeletal muscle contraction

help the veins return blood to the heart

Normal responses to physical exercise are?

Increased heart rate, increased ventricular contraction, increased blood flow to the skeletal muscles

Branches of the aorta

Brachiocephalic A., Left Common Carotid A., Left Subclavian A., and Right and Left coronary arteries

This artery provides blood to the liver and spleen?

Celiac artery

These arteries branch to supple structures in the neck and face?

The external carotid arteries

Longest vein in the body?

The great saphenous vein

Function of the lymphatic system?

transport of foreign particles to the lymph nodes

Edema

tissues swell with fluid

Lymph differs from plasma how?

Plasma has more protein

The structure of lymphatic vessels is most similar to?

Vein

Function of lymph?

transport of foreign protein particles to lymph nodes

If Paul has a cut on his thigh that becomes infected, the lymph nodes in what region may enlarge?

Inguinal region

Spleen

resembles a large lymph node divided into lobules

Pathogens

disease-causing agents

Innate defenses

fast and non-specific - first response to any microbe that might try to enter the body

Mechanical barriers

saliva, urine, sweat, tears

Complement system

initiates a cascade effect in response to foreign proteins in the body

Fever

increases temperature, slows the growth of bacteria

Interleukin 1 secretions

cause a fever

Adaptive defenses

slower but more specific for a pathogen

Antigen

a foreign substance such as a protein or a polysaccharide to which lymphocytes respond

Vaccine

produces effects by stimulating a primary immune response

Naturally acquired active immunity

the type of resistance that is acquired as a result of developing a disease

Natural acquired passive immunity

newborns can acquire passive immunity through breast milk

Artificially acquired active immunity

a vaccine produces its effect by stimulating a primary immune response

Artificially acquired passive immunity

injection of gamma globulin is sometimes given to provide artificially acquired passive immunity