A & P HESI

ANATOMICAL POSITION

STANDING, FACE AND PALMS FORWARD, FEET SLIGHTLY APART

SAGITTAL PLANE

DIVIDES LEFT AND RIGHT

CORONAL PLANE

DIVIDES FRONT AND BACK (POSTERIOR AND ANTERIOR)

MIDSAGITTAL PLANE

DIVIDES RIGHT AND LEFT HALVES

TRANSVERSE PLANE

DIVIDES UPPER (SUPERIOR) AND LOWER (INFERIOR)

MEDIAL

MIDLINE

LATERAL

AWAY FROM MIDLINE, SIDE

DISTAL

FURTHER FROM POINT OF ORIGIN

PROXIMAL

CLOSE TO POINT OF ORIGIN

SUPERFICIAL

SURFACE OF BODY/ OUITSIDE

DEEP

FURTHER INTO THE BODY (INSIDE)

MAJOR CAVITIES OF THE BODY

DORSAL (CRANIAL AND SPINAL CAVITIES) + VENTRAL (THORACIC AND ABDOMINOPELVIC CAVITIES)

CYTOLOGY

STUDY OF CELLS

CELL

BUILDING BLOCK OF TISSUE AND ORGANS

MAJOR PARTS OF A CELL

PLASMA MEMBRANE, CYTOPLASM, NUCLEUS, AND ORGANELLES

CILLIA

EXTENSIONS THAT MOVE SUBSTANCES ACROSS SURFACE OF CELL

HISTOLOGY

STUDY OF TISSUES

TISSUE DEFINE

GROUP OF CELLS ACTING TOGETHER TO PERFORM FUNCTIONS

TYPES OF TISSUE

CONNECTIVE, EPITHELIAL, MUSCLE, AND NERVOUS

EPITHELIAL TISSUE

LINES, COVERS, AND PROTECTS INTERNAL ORGANS

GRANDULAR EPITHELIAL

REEASES MUCUS, ENZYMES, AND HORMONES

CONNECTIVE TISSUE

MOST ABUNDANT, FORMS FRAMEWORK, PROVIDES STRUCTURE + SUPPORT

FIBROUS CONNECTIVE

ADIPOSE, AREOLAR, RETICULAR, AND DENSE

TYPES OF CONNECTIVE TISSUE

FIBROUS, BLOOD, CARTILAGE, BONE

NEUROGLIA

CONNECTIVE TISSUE CELLS THAT SUPPORT NEURONS

NERVOUS TISSUE

COMPOSED OF NEURONS THAT CONDUCT NERVE IMPULSES

MUSCLE TISSUE

CONTRACT, SHORTEN, AND LENGTHENING ABILITIES THAT ARE VOLUNTARY OR INVOLUNTARY.

VOLUNTARY MUSCLE TISSUE

SKELETAL

INVOLUNTARY MUSCLE TISSUE

SMOOTH AND CARDIAC

INTEGUMENATARY SYSTEM

SKIN, HAIR, NAILS, AND SENSORY RECEPTORS

LARGEST ORGAN IN AND OUT

LIVER AND SKIN

LAYERS OF THE SKIN

EPIDERMIS AND DERMIS

EPIDERMIS

OUTERMOST ANF PROTECTIVE LAYER, COMPOSED OF DEAD KERATINIZED CELLS

DERMIS

UNDELRYING TISSUE ON TOP OF HYPODERMIS

LAYERS OF EPIDERMIS FROM SUPERFICIAL TO DEEP

STRATUM CORNEUM, LUCIDUM, GRANULOSUM, SPINOSOUM, BASALE/ GERMATIVIUM, constantly undergoes mitosis

KERATIN

WATERPROOF THE SKIN PROTEIN

MELANIN

DARK PIGMENT PRODUCE TO PROTECT SKIN FROM RADIATION

DERMIS

MADE OF FIBROUS CONNECTIVE TISSUE, BLOOD VESSELS, SENSORY NERVE ENDING, FOLLICLES, AND GLANDS

ECCRINE GLAND

WIDELY DISTRIBUTED, REGUALTE BODY TEMP BY ITS WATER SECRETION

APOCRINE GLAND

FOUND IN AXILLA AND INGUINAL REGIONS. MORE THICK DUE TO BITS OF CYTOPLASM WHICH PRODUCES AN ODOR AND ATTRACTS BACTERIA

SEBACEOUS GLAND

OILY SECRETIONS FROM FOLLICLES, LUBES SKINS AND PRVENTS FROM DRYING. SUSCEPTIBLE TO BECOMING CLOGGED (E.G ACNE)

APPENDAGES

HAIR AND NAILS, BOTH CONTAINING KERATIN

SKELETAL SYSTEM

BONE, CARTILAGE, LIGAMENTS, JOINTS. PROVIDES SUPPORT, MOVEMENT, BLOOD CELL FORMATION (HEMATOPOIESIS) AND MINERAL STORAGE (CALCIUM, PHOSPHORUS)

BONE TISSUES

COMPACT AND SPONGY

COMPACT/ DENSE BONE TISSUE

OUTER LAYER OF ALL BONES

SPONGY/ CANCELLOUS BONE TISSUE

LATTICEWORK "TABECULAE"- HAS SPACES FILLED WITH RED BONE MARROW AND IS SITE OF HEMATOPOIESIS

OSTEOBLASTS

CELLS THAT FORM BONE TISSUE

OSTEOCYTES

OSTEOBLAST THAT HAVE STOPPED DIVIDING AND REMAIN IN TISSUE

OSTEOCLASTS

BREAK DOWN BONE TISSUE, PROCESS OF OLD BONE BEING REPLACED WITH NEW/ STRONGER BONE

COMPONENTS OF A LONG BONE

EPIPHYSIS AND DIAPHYSIS

EPIPHYSIS

AT EACH END OF LONG BONE, SITE OF BONE GROWTH

DIAPHYSIS

SHAFT, MAINLY COMPACT BONE W/ HOLLOW CENTER "MEDULLARY CAVITY" FILLED WITH YELLOW BONE MARROW (FAT)

AXIAL SKELETON

SKULL, VERTEBRAL COLUUMN, RIBS, + STERNUM

FACIAL BONES 14 TOTAL

(2) NASAL, MAXILLARY, ZYGOMATIC, PALATINE,LACRIMAL, INFERIOR NASAL CONCHAE, + A MANDIBLE AND A VOMER

CRANIAL BONES

OCCIPTAL, FRONTAL, SPHENOID, ETHMOID, AND PARIETAL TEMPORAL PAIR

EAR BONES

6 PAIRS, MALLEUS, INCUS, AND STAPES

SECTIONS OF THE VERTEBRAL COLUMN

CERVICAL (7), THORACIC (12), LUMBAR (5), SACRAL (5), COCCYGEAL/ TAILBONE

APPENDICULAR SKELETON

EXTREMITIES, SHOULDER, AND HIP GIRDLES

UPPER PORTION OF APPENDICULAR SKELETON

SHOULDER GIRDLE (CLAVICLE + SCAPULA), ARM (HUMERUS, RADIUS, ULNA, CARPALS, METACARPALS, PHALANGES)

LOWER PROTION OF APPENDICULAR SKELETON

PELVIC GIRLDE/ COXAE (ILIUM, ISCHIUM, AND PUBIS) + LEG (FEMUS, TIBIA, FIBULA, TARSALS, METATARSALS, PHALANAGES)

MUSCULAR SYSTEM

PRODUCE MOVEMENT BY NERVOUS STIMULATION

MUSCLE CELLS/ FIBERS

CONTAIN MYOFIBRILS DIVIDED INTO SARCOMERES

SARCOMERES

CONTAIN MYOFILAMENTS THAT AID IN MUSCLE CONTRACTION

ACTIN

THIN PROTEIN

MYSOIN

THICK PROTEIN

SLIDING FILAMENT MODEL

MYOSIN BINDS TO ACTIN, PULLING TOWARDS CENTER OF SARCOMERE

AGONIST

PERFORMS GIVEN MOVEMENT (PRIME MOVER)

ANATAGONIST

PERFORMS OPPOSITE MOVEMENT

SYNERGIST

WORK IN COOPOERATION WITH PRIME MOVER

FLEXOR

REDUCE ANGLE(BEND)

EXTENSOR

INCREASE ANGLE (LENGTHEN)

ABDUCTORS

AWAY FROM MIDLINE

ADDUCTORS

RETURNING LIMB TOWARD THE BODY

NERVOUS SYTEM

CENTRAL AND PERIPHERAL DIVISIONS

CNS

BRAIN AND PSINAL CORD

PNS

SPINAL NERVES (CRANIAL AND PERIPHERAL)

DIVISIONS OF PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM

SOMATIC AND AUTONOMIC

SOMATIC NS

MUSCLES, BOINTS, JOINTS, SKIN (VOLUNTARY)

AUTONOMIC NS

DIGESTION, HEART RATE, BLOOD PRESSURE, URINATION

AUTONOMIC NS DIVISIONS

SYMPATHETIC (FIGHT VS FLIGHT) OR PARASYMPATHETIC (REST N DIGEST)

NERVOUS SYSTEM DEFINE

ENABLES PERCEPTION (5 SENSES), THINKING, REASONING, REMEMBERING, INITIATE BODY MOVEMENT AND NERVE IMPULSES. WORKS WITH ENDOCRINE SYSTM FOR DIGESTION AND REPRODUCTION

NEURONS

FUNCTIONAL UNIT OF NS

PARTS OF A NEURON

DENDRITE, AXON, AND CELL BODY

DENDRITES

TRANSMIT IMPULSE TOWARD THE BODY

AXON

TRANSMIT IMPULSE AWAY FROM CELL BODY

SENSORY AFFEERENT

IMPULSE TOWARD CNS

MOTOR EFFERENT

IMPULSE AWAY FROM CNS

MAJOR PARTS OF THE BRAIN

BRAINSTEM, CEREBELLUM, CEREBRUM, DIENCEPHALON, HYPOTHALAMUS

CEREBRUM

SENSORY INTERPRETATION, MOVEMENT, THINKING, PERSONALITY

CEREBELLUM

BALANCE, COORDINATION

DIENCEPHALON

CONTAINS THALAMUS, ROUTES INCOMING SENSORY INFO TO APPROPRIATE PART OF CEREBRUM

BRAIN STEM

CONTROL RESPIRATION AND HEART RATE

HYPOTHALAMUS

MONITORS CONDITIONS OF BODY, WORKS WITH AUTONOMIC NS AND ENDOCRINE SYSTEM. GOVERNS PITUITARY GLAND BASED ON FEEDBSCK OF HORMONES AND CERTAIN CONDITIONS

THE SPINAL CORD

WITHIN VERTEBRAL COLUMN, 18 INCHES LONG, EXTENDS FROM BRAINSTEM TO L1-L2; 31 PAIRS OF SPINAL NERVES

REFELX

QUICK, AUTOMATIC RESPONSE TO STIMULUS, DOES NOT REACH BRAIN BUT TRAVELS THRU SPINAL CORD

ENDOCRINE SYSTEM

WORKS WITH NS, BUT HAS LONGER LASTING EFFECTS ON CONDITIONS OF BODY, IMPORTANT ROLE IN GROWTH + MATURATION

MEETING POINT OF NS AND ENDOCRINE SYSTEM

HYPOTHALMUS AND PITUITARY GLAND

ENDOCRINE GLANDS

WORK AS A SYSTEM TO PRODUCE HORMONES

HORMONES

CONTROL GROWTH, DIFFERENTIATION, AND METABOLISM OF TARGET CELLS

STEROID HORMONES

ENTER TARGET CELLS AND DIRECTLY AFFECT DNA OF NUCLEUS