EXP4064 EXAM 2

Information processing approach argues 2 points

Mental processes are similar to a computer, info progresses through our cog. Systems in stages

The Atkinson-Shiffrin model proposed that

Memory involves a series of separate steps

Fill in the blanks

External input, sensory memory, short term memory, long term memory, lost from sensory memory, lost from short term memory, lost from long term memory

Sensory memory is a

Storage system that records info from each of the senses with reasonable accuracy

Control processes are

Strategies that people may use to improve their memory

What are 2 characteristics of memory?

Duration,capacity

What are the 3 theoretical subdivisions of long term memory?

Episodic, semantic, procedural (implicit)

2 aspect of LTM

Encoding, retrieval

Encoding means to

Process info to store into LTM

Retrieval means to

Locate info stored in LTM

What are 3 effects on encoding?

Encoding specificity, depth of processing, emotional context

Primacy effect

Superior recall for the first items presented on the list

Recency effect

Superior recall for the last items presented on the list

Serial position effect

Likelihood item remembered depends on its position

3 stages of memory

Encoding, storage, retrieval

List the missing terms for the baddley and hitch memory approach

Central executive, visuospatial sketch pad, episodic buffer, phonological loop, long term memory

the phonological loop can

Process a limited number of sounds for a short period of time

Visuospatial sketch pad processes

Visual and spatial info

The central executive

Integrates info from the phonological loop, visuospatial sketch pad ,episodic buffer , and LTM

The central executive plans and coordinates but does not

Store info

The episodic buffer serves as a

Temporary storehouse that can hold and combine info from phonological loop, visuospatial sketch pad, and LTM

The episodic buffer actively

Manipulates info so that you can interpret an experience, solve new problems, and plan future activities

STM model =

Storage

WM model =

Use

Working memory approach

Our immediate memory is a multipart system that temporarily holds and manipulates information while we perform cognitive tasks

Working memory is

Immediate memory for material currently processing

LTM refers to

High capacity storage system that contains memories for experiences accumulated across your lifetime

Episodic memory focuses on

Memories for events that happened to me personally

Semantic memory describes

Organized knowledge of my world and facts

Procedural memory refers to

my knowledge about how to do something

Deep levels of processing encourage recall because of _ *and* _

Distinctiveness, elaboration

Distinctiveness means that

A stimulus is different from other memory traces

Elaboration processes

Meaning and interconnected concepts

Encoding specificity states that

Recall better if retrieval is similar to the context during encoding

Emotions and mood can serve as

Contex

___ memories tend to be recalled more

Pleasant

Retrieval of a memory can never occur before storage of a memory?

True

Priming is

Unconscious influence

What subtype of LTM is associated with remembering skills?

Implicit memory

Anterograde means that

new mems cannot be formed

Schemas are

Expectations about objects, events, or situations

Autobiographical memory is

Memory about yourself

Source monitoring refers to

Not sure of the origin of a memory

reality monitoring refers to

Unsure memory actually happened

Flashbulb memories are

Vivid, details mems of emotional events

Explicitly memories are retrieved ____ and are easy to__ __

Consciously, verbalize

Retrograde is

Loss of prior memories

Experts are

Context specific

Retrospective memory is

Remembering info that you acquired in the past

Prospective memory is

Remembering that you need to do something in the future

The term metacognition refers to

Knowledge and control of our cognitive processes

Metamemory refers to

Knowledge, monitoring, and control of mems

Foresight bias

General tendency to be overconfident

Keyboard method

Vocabulary learning or names

What are the two approaches to forming concepts?

Prototype , exemplar

Semantic memory models focus mainly on

Organized knowledge about the world

Situated cognition approach means that

Knowledge depends on context

What is a category?

A set of objects that all belong to the same group

what is a semantic concept?

Mental representation of category

what is the definition of a concept prototype?

a mental item that best represents a category

which of the following is an accurate criticism of the Classical Theory of concept formation?

It inaccurately predicts all elements in a concept will be defined by some key feature

Semantic priming refers to the finding that accessing the meaning of a word is faster if

It is preceded by another word that is related to it in meaning

What are the levels of categorization?

Superordinate, basic, subordinate

What are the 3 characteristics of prototype approach?

Typicality, semantic priming, family resemblance

How does a neural network learn?

Fire together, wire together

What are the basic components necessary for a parallel distributed model of knowledge?

Nodes, connections

According to most network models of semantic memory

When a node is activated by presented info, activation spreads to other nodes to which it is connected

Spontaneous generalization

Creates stereotypes

Default assignment allows for

Stereotyping

abstraction means to

Store the gist of a message

What is proactive interference?

Previously learned material hinders new learning

An implicit memory task is is __ and _

unconscious, automatic

What are the 2 elements of expertise?

Context specific, strategic memory patterns

A heuristic is a

default interpretation

The pragmatic approach argues that

Verbatim memory does occur

A definition to stereotyping is due to the

influence of implicitly held schemas

Carry is trying to memorize her PantherID number. She is having trouble because the number is 9 digits long. _____________ would BEST help Carry learn the number.

A. Repeating the digits over and over to himself

B. Saying the digits out loud

C. Chunking the digits

D. Reading the digits to a friend

Chunking the digits

If people are presented a series of items, their percent recalled typically shows a U-shaped function across serial positions. The recency effect seen in such data is usually attributed to information that:

A. was transferred to long-term memory at the time of presentation.

B. remains in short-term (working) memory at the time of recall.

C. was extremely well remembered because it was associated with earlier information in the series.

D. All of the above are correct.

\

Remains in short term (working) memory at the same time of recall

A subject is shown an image of a turtle and asked to keep that item in their WM. After waiting silently for 2 mins, the subject is asked what they remember seeing. The subject responds “a turtle”. Which of the following is likely true?

A. The study shows the Visuospatial Sketchpad has a duration of 2 mins.

B. The subject may have converted the image to a verbal code to rehearse it.

C. The subject could not have performed this tasked while simultaneously singing “row row your boat”

D. Visuospatial Sketchpad duration would have been longer if the subject had to maintain two images in WM.

The subject may have converted the image to verbal code to rehearse it

Visual information cannot be rehearsed in working memory without being transformed into a verbal code.

A. True

B. False

 

False

The component of the working-memory system that combines information from the phonological loop, the visuospatial sketchpad, and long-term memory, which is involved in interpreting earlier experiences, solving new problems, and planning future activities, is called the:

A. perceptual buffer

B. visuospatial sketchpad

C. episodic buffer

D. phonological loop

\

Episodic buffer

According to a recent approach proposed (Baddeley, 2000, 2006), working memory:

A. involves procedural memory, even for information that may also be encoded semantically.

B. is not influenced by attention, by consciousness, or by long-term memory processes.

C. consists of a central executive, a visuospatial sketchpad, an episodic buffer, and a phonological loop.

D. maintains all information in a phonological loop, even if the information is visual or meaningful.

\

Consists of a central executive, a visuospatial sketchpad, an episodic buffer, and a phonological loop

Compared to people who are not depressed, people suffering from major depression:

A. have difficulty with some working memory tasks.

B. show a surprising increase in ability to concentrate on tasks.

C. show an increased span on short-term memory tasks.

D. All of the above are correct.

 

Have difficulty with some working memory tasks

Research reveals that people's scores on working-memory tasks are correlated with:

A. overall intelligence and grades in school

B.. verbal fluency and reasoning ability.

C. reading ability.

D. All of the above are correct.

All of the above are correct

The region of the brain that it most strongly activated when a person works on tasks that require the central executive component of working memory is the:

A. frontal lobe

B. temporal lobe

C. parietal lobe

D. occipital lobe

\

Frontal lobe

The part of the brain that it most strongly activated when a person performs visual and spatial tasks is the:

A. left cerebral hemisphere, especially the frontal and occipital lobes, but including the cerebellum.

B. right cerebral hemisphere, especially the frontal and parietal lobes, but including the occipital lobe.

C. cerebellum.

D. lateral hypothalamus.

 

right cerebral hemisphere, especially the frontal and parietal lobes, but including the occipital lobe.

A driver who is listening to a football game on the radio and forming clear images of the action may experience difficulty driving. This interference may be attributable to the limited capacity of a working-memory component called the:

A. central executive.

B. visuospatial sketchpad.

C. episodic buffer.

D. phonological loop.

 

Visuospatial sketchpad

The functioning of the phonological loop:

A. may give rise to acoustic confusions in working-memory tasks, especially when rehearsal is involved.

B. is related to a person's "inner voice," or his or her use of subvocalization to perform a task.

C. involves activation or information storage in the left hemisphere of the brain, including frontal, temporal, and parietal lobes

D. All of the above are correct.

\

All of the above are correct

The effects of proactive interference are decreased if

A. you know more information at the beginning.

B. you keep studying the same list.

C. you learn different items from the same category.

D. you shift to a different category of items to learn.

You shift to a different category of items to learn

What has a bigger impact on your LTM?

A. The intention & desire to remember

B. What you think about while you are studying

C. Time you spend studying

What you think about while you are studying

Research on levels of processing reveals that deep processing levels enhance recall as a result of two main factors:

A. Distinctiveness & elaboration

B. Distinctiveness & bizarreness

C. Elaboration & interference

D. Bizarreness & interference

 

Distinctiveness & elaboration

Which of the following facts is Tony most likely to remember next week about the hero Hercules from Greek myth? Why?

A. Hercules rhymes with Achilles

B. Hercules defeated the Hydra, which both start with the letter “H”

C. Hercules captured a Boar and a Bull, which are both similar creatures

D. Hercules fought Tony’s favorite animal, a Lion

 

Hercules fought Tony’s favorite animal, a lion

Dayna felt consistently stressed while preparing for her final exam. The day of her final, her mood’s surprisingly relaxed throughout the test. Which of the following outcomes might you predict is likely?

A. Dayna will struggle to remember much of the material she studied

B. Her relaxed mood will make it easier to retrieve her exam knowledge from memory

C. Negatively worded questions on the exam will be easier for her to answer

D. Her mood will have no effect on her performance, just her knowledge

 

Dayana will struggle to remember much of the material she studied

Retrieval of a memory can never precede storage of a memory.

A. TRUE

B. FALSE

 

True

Which of the following is an example of priming?

A. Julia is shown rapid subliminal messages and asked to report which ones she remembers.

B. Joshua unconsciously checks his blindspots before merging after seeing another car hit a bike in its blindspot.

C. Jane is able to still walk on a suspended tightrope even though she has not tried it for many years.

D. Jason is reminded of the first time he went to the Harry Potter theme park in Orlando by a book.

Joshua unconsciously checks his blindspots before merging after seeing another car hit a bike in its blindspot.

What subtype of long-term memory is associated with remembering skills?

A. Episodic memory

B. Implicit memory

C. Prospective memory

D. Semantic Memory

Implicit

Omar tells his friend Chris an interesting fact about the Center for the Arts. Chris replies, “I was the one who told you about that in the first place.” In this situation, Omar is suffering from a lapse in ________.

A. flashbulb memory

B. source monitoring

C. proactive interference

D. encoding specificity

Source monitoring

Leigh studied French in high school and Italian in college. While communicating with a **French** business associate, she often found herself using some *Italian words* in her e-mail messages. This type of memory failure is called _______________.

A. Proactive interference 

B. Retroactive interference

C. Decay

D. Consolidation

Retroactive interference

A person (such as H.M.) who receives damage to the hippocampus and suffers from anterograde amnesia will show considerable difficulty:

A. performing implicit memory tasks, such as word-guessing games and word-completion tasks.

B. encoding new events into long-term memory so that they can be explicitly recalled later.

C. retrieving information from long-term memory that was encoded prior to the hippocampal damage.

D. learning new motor skills, such as skiing, and automatic behaviors, such as classical conditioning.

encoding new events into long-term memory so that they can be explicitly recalled later.

A middle-school teacher places words such as "calm" and "success" on the walls of his classroom to make his students feel more at ease and improve their drive for achievement. This teacher is trying to take advantage of the effects of _____________.

A. procedural memory

B. priming

C. retroactive interference

D. encoding specificity

Priming