BehSci_3-4

For GR

What is learning?

The process of acquiring new and relatively enduring information or behaviors.

Classical Conditioning

Learning to associate two stimuli so one predicts the other (e.g., bell = food)

Operant Conditioning

Learning through rewards and punishments that follow a behavior.

Cognitive Learning

Learning through language and by observing events and people.

Habit Formation

Learning that turns repeated behaviors into automatic routines.

Association

Learning by connecting events that occur in sequence.

Experiential Learning

Learning through direct experience and reflection.

Acquisition

Initial learning of the stimulus-response relationship.

Spontaneous Recovery

Reappearance of a (weakened) conditioned response (CR) after a pause.

Extinction

Diminishing of conditioned response (CR) from the neutral stimulus (NS).

Generalization

A stimuli like the conditioned stimulus to elicit similar responses. BehSci_3-4

Discrimination

Learned ability to distinguish between a conditioned stimulus and similar stimuli.

Reinforcement

Any event that strengthens the behavior it follows

Punishment

An event that tends to decrease the behavior it follows

Fixed Ratio

Reward after a set number of responses BehSci_3-4

Fixed Variable

Reward after an unpredictable number of responses BehSci_3-4

Encoding

Getting information into memory BehSci_3-4

Storage

Maintaining encoded information in memory

Retrieval

Pulling information from your memory BehSci_3-4

Recall

A measure of memory in which the person must retrieve information learned earlier

Recognition

A measure of memory in which the person identifies items previously learned

Relearning

A measure of memory that assesses the amount of time saved when learning material again

Sensory Memory

Quick time frame/Susceptible to interference

Short-Term/Working Memory Kept in memory for a short time ~ Limited capacity and duration BehSci_3-4

Long-Term Memory

Explicit ~ 
Implicit ~

Explicit Memory

Knowing how

Implicit Memory

knowing what

Attention Failure

Never encoded into short-term memory

Encoding Failure

Don't store accurate memory
Could be due to bias, depth of processing, etc.

Storage Decay

Memories change once stored and can change upon retrieval

Retrieval Failure

"Memory subject to depth and biases ""Blocking"" - tip of the tongue"

Retrograde Amnesia

Inability to retrieve information from one's past

Anterograde Amnesia

Inability to form new memories ~ like Dory BehSci_3-4

Proactive Interference

Previous information disrupts recall of new information

Retroactive Interference

New information disrupts recall of old information

Motivated Forgetting

Block out/forget memories because there is a motivation to do so

Misinformation Effect

Misleading information distorts a person's memory of an event

Source Amnesia

Remembering information correctly, but attributing it to the wrong source
We know the fact, but not where we learned it

False Memories

A recollection of something that never happened

Metacognition

Think about thinking

Algorithm

A methodical, logical rule or procedure that guarantees solving a particular problem slower

Heuristic

A 'mental shortcut'
A simple thinking strategy that allows for faster judgements and solve problems more efficiently
Speedier but more prone to error

Insight

A sudden realization of a problem's solution

Concept

A mental group of similar objects, events, ideas
'Mental folders'

Prototype 

A mental image or best example of a category BehSci_3-4

Confirmation Bias

Innate tendency to interpret info in ways that confirm what we already believe and ignore/distort contradictory evidence BehSci_3-4

Overconfidence

The tendency to be more confident than correct BehSci_3-4

Belief Perseverance

Clinging to one's initial conceptions after the basis of which they were formed has been discredited BehSci_3-4

Representative Heuristic

Judging the likelihood of things based on how well they represent prototypes BehSci_3-4

Availability Heuristic

Estimating the likelihood of events based on their availability in memory (how easy it is to recall a similar example) BehSci_3-4