Unit 3 Frazier Biodiversity (animals)

metazoan

multicellular animals

advantage of being multicellular

large size, mobility, stable internal environment, independency from environment

what common ancestor is monophyletic to all multicellular organisms?

choanoflagellate

tissues unique to animals

nervous tissue and muscle tissue

Blastula

hollow ball of cells, opening is called a blastopore

stages of embryonic development

zygote, 2 cell, 4 cell, 8 cell, morula (50-100 cells), bastula, gastrula

the stage of embryonic development with a solid "sphere" of cells

morula

body cavity completely lined with mesoderm

coelomate

body cavity exposed to environment

acoelemate

germ layers in diploblastic organism

ectoderm and endoderm

germ layers in triploblastic organisms

ectoderm, endoderm, mesoderm

2 types of coelom formation

schizocoely and enterocoely

schizocoely

the method of coelom formation in protosomes in which the embryonic mesoderm splits into two layers

enterocoely

in deuterostomes, the method of coelom formation in which the embryonic mesoderm develops from pouches within the archenteron

body cavity types

acoelomate, pseudocoelomate, coelomate

protostomes

blastopore becomes mouth, anus second

Dueterostomes

anus develops first

radial cleavage is associated with

diploblastic organisms

bilateral cleavage is associated with

triploblastic organsims

parazoans

no true tissues

PHYLUM Placozoa

Parazoa, no true tissue, mostly primitive, cilia, very simple (no mouth)

PHYLUM Porifera

Parazoa, AKA sponges, sessile, Oscoloms

Oscolum

opening in top of sponge

choanocyte

Collar cells that line the body cavity and have flagella that circulate water in sponges

EXTERNAL body layers of poriferans

pinacocytes (flat), parocytes (pore), myocytes (muscle)

MIDOLE (mesophyll) middle body layers of poriferans

spicules (calcium or glass), spongin (protein), amoebocytes (only living)

Internal body layers of poriferans

choanocytes

Body types of poriferans

Asconoid, Syconoid, leoconoid

Asconoid

vaselike shape

Syconoid

wall of vase structure that invaginates to increase surface area

leoconoid

no vase structure, larger, more choanocytes

How do Porifera reproduce?

asexually and sexually

limiting factor for Porifera reproduction

finding a hard surface to anchor

Class Hexactinellida

glass sponges: spicules, simple syconoids ex) Venus basket

Class Calcarea

calcareous sponges (confused with coral)

Class Desmospongiae

most abundant, ex) sponge you shower with

Class Sclerospongiae

- found in tunnels in

coral reefs,

- variable form,

- may contain silica

and calcium

carbonate

spicules

- structure:

leuconoids

Cnidaria

mouth with tentacles, no anus, blind gut, cnidae, 3 shapes (sessile polyp, Scyphozoa, anthozoa)

In Cnidarians the gastrovascular cavity is used for _________ in addition to nutrient absorption.

reproduction

3 types of cnidarians

Hydrozoans(obelia), Scyphozoans(jellies), and Anthozoans(no medusa stage)

nerve net

no central nervous system, responds locally

cnidarian tissues

epidermis/ outer epithelium, matrix/ mesoglea, gastrodermis/ inner epithelium

2 cnidarian stages in life cycle

polyp and medusa

Hydrozoa

small jellies ex) freshwater hydra or man-o-war

polyp types

gastrozoid, gonazoid, dactylozoid, skeletozoid, acellular mesoglea, cnidae, muscle and nerve in nerve net

sexual reproduction lifecycle of hydrazoa

colony of polyps, tiny medusa (M/F), meiosis, fertilization, zygote, planula larvae, polyp

Planula

the free-swimming, ciliated larva of a cnidarian

Class Scyphozoa

true jellyfish

Scyphozoa lifecycle

colony of polyps, single psyphistoma (polyp) strobilates (breaks) to produce ephyrae (young medusa), adult medusa, meiosis, fertilization, zygote, planula,

phyphistoma

the polyp in the Scyphozoa lifecycle that will produce the ephyrae

ephyrae

juvenile medusa in class Scyphozoa

Class Anthozoa

corals and sea anemones: cellular mesoglea, cnidae in epidermis and gastrodermis, septa in gut (gut is segmented)

larval stage of all cnidarians

planula

Hermatypic corals

Make calcium carbonate rocks and coral reefs

"Hard Corals"

Have zooxanthellae

Coral bleaching

2 Types

Ahermatypic corals

soft corals

PHYLUM Ctenophora

comb jellies with cilia

Class Tentaculata

phylum ctenophora, Has tentacles

Class Nuda

phylum ctenophora, Lack tentacles

PHYLUYM Platyhelminthes

dorso-ventrally flattened, cephalized, triploblastic, blind gut, protonephridia (flame cells)

Cephalization

concentration of sense organs and nerve cells at the front of an animal's body, excretory system, first appeared in Platyhelminthes

Planarian systems

digestive, nervous, reproductive, excretory

Flame cells

specialized cells that remove excess water from the body (flatworms)

Class Tubellaria

Phylum Platyhelminthes, marine, free living, rhabdites (pigments and phlem)

Class Trematoda

phylum platyhelminthes, flukes, suckers, syncytium (single cell with 1000 nuclei) ex) Chinese liver fluke

syncytium

A large multinucleate cell, typically formed by the fusion of many smaller cells

Larval stages of trematodes

miracidium (snails), circadia (humans)

trematode lifecycle

flukes mature in human host, eggs excreted in feces, miracidium infect water, infect snails, infect humans through skin

Class Cestoideo

phylum Trematoda Tapeworms: lack digestive track, scolex and proglottids, hermapheritic, big, lifespan 2 years, primary and secondary host

sconce and proglottids

hooks and suckers

primary host of cestoidea

cows, fish, pigs, etc

secondary host cestoidea

humans

parasitism adaptations

adhesive organs, reduction of organs, loss of digestive tract, body wall protection, larval stages

PHYLUM Nemertea

Ribbon Worms: proboscis w/ stylet, cephalized, complete digestive tract, closed circulatory system, psuedoceolomate

Nemertea reproduction

asexual (fragmentation and regeneration) and sexual (external fertilization)

PHYLUM Rotifera

rotifers: multicellular, cilia crown, psuedocoelemate, eutely, parthenogenesis

Eutely

fixed number of cells

parthenogenesis

reproduction from an ovum without fertilization, especially as a normal process in some invertebrates and lower plants.

PHYLUM Nematoda

Roundworms: free living and parasitic, unsegmented, longitudinal muscles, longitudinal "whipping", cloaca, vermiform (cilindrical), molts, dioceous, brain (with lateral, dorsal, and ventral nerve chords), excretory glands.

c. elegans

Phylum Nematoda

pinworms and whipworms

phylum Nematoda, intestinal parasite with no migration

roundworms "ascaris sp."

phylum Nematoda, intestinal w/ migration

Roundworm "ascaris sp." lifecycle

mouth, intestine, blood, heart, lung, mouth, digestion

Nematoda larval stages

L1, L2, L3, L4

Hookworms

phylum nematoda, intestinal, migratory, larva penetrates skin

hookworm lifecycle

skin, intestine, feces, repeat

filaris sp.

fireworms, infect intestines

trichenella sp.

larva in pork, incysts in muscle tissue

PHYLUM Mollusca

terrestrial, marine and freshwater, soft mantle, shells, coelom, excretory system (metanephridia), circulatory system (open and closed), layered shells

metanephridia

"2 kidneys"

Mantle

layer of cells that secretes a shell

radula

strictly present in mollusks, chitin teeth

opening of the metanephridia

nephridiopore

3 organs present in mantle cavity

gills, anus, nephridiopore

shell makeup (outside in)

periostracum, prismatic layer, nacreous layer, mantle cells

Class Chitons

8 part shell, gills in foot, most similar to hypothetical ancestor, feeds with radula

class bivalves

2 shells, internal foot, no sensory organs

Mollusk larva

trochopore, and veliger

trochophore

free-swimming larval stage of an aquatic mollusk

veliger

gastropod larva

Class Monoplacophora

1 conical shell, deep sea, feeds with radula