KIN 223 Block 2 Exam Questions

During transcription _

an RNA molecule is formed as a DNA sequence is read

Apoptosis is best described as _

a process where cells destroy themselves

The _ is responsible for forming the outer, limiting barrier of a cell

plasma membrane

The building blocks that form the DNA double helix are called _

nucleotides

When a cell surrounds a large particle with pseudopodia and then engulfs it, the process is called _

phagocytosis

Pinocytosis is the process in which the cell _

internalizes ("drinks") a droplet of interstitial fluid

Proteins that are embedded within, and extend across, the phospholipid bilayer are called _ proteins

integral

The phase of mitosis that begins as spindle fibers pull sister chromatids apart at the centromere is _

anaphase

Movement of a substance from an area of higher concentration to one where it is less concentrated is known as _

diffusion

Which of the following serve to increase the surface area of a cell for absorption and secretion?

microvilli

Contains the cytosol, inclusions, and organelle?

cytoplasm

The cell’s control center?

nucleus

Movement of fluids through a selectively permeable membrane caused by hydrostatic pressure is referred to as _

filltration

The pressure exerted by a fluid on the inside wall of its container (or vessel, in the case of the human body), is called _

hydrostatic pressure

The movement of particles from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration describes _

simple diffusion

Movement away from high solvent concentration or towards high solute concentration describes _

osmosis

The movement of small, polar molecules across the plasma membrane by a carrier protein is called _

carrier-mediated diffusion

Label each type of intercellular junction

• Tight junction

• Desmosome

• Gap junction

Which type of epithelium is composed of multiple layers, including an apical layer containing tall, slender cells?

stratified columnar

Endocrine glands _

lack ducts and secrete their products into the bloodstream or into interstitial fluid

Ligaments are very strong but resistant to stretch. Which protein fiber probably predominates?

collagen

Plasma is _

a liquid ground substance containing dissolved proteins

Which tissue type covers body surfaces and lines the inside of organs and body cavities?

epithelial

The primary role of epithelial tissue in the stomach is _

secretion of substances for chemical digestion

Connective tissue proper is divided into two broad categories: loose connective tissue and dense connective tissue. This classification is based upon the _

relative proportions of cells, fibers, and ground substance present

Suppose that you were involved in an automobile accident and suffered a back injury. When examined by your physician you are told that you have a slipped disc in the lower back. What type of tissue is involved?

fibrocartilage

Endocrine glands secrete _

hormones

The type of muscle that is found in blood vessel walls is _ muscle.

smooth

Groups of similar cells and extracellular products that carry out a common function are called _

tissues

The type of epithelium that lines the urinary bladder and may include some binucleated cells is called _ epithelium.

transitional

The heart is confined within a double-walled serous membrane sac. The part of the membrane that is in contact with the heart is the _ layer.

visceral

The two types of cells that make up the nervous system are _

neurons and glial cells

Correctly label the following areas on a slide of nervous tissue

• Nuclei of glial cells

• Axon

• Cell body

• Dendrites

Classify the exocrine glands based on their mode of secretion

• Merocrine gland

• Holocrine gland

• Apocrine gland

The structure responsible for pulling on the follicle and causing "goose bumps" is the _

arrector pili muscle

Normally, skin color results from a combination of _

melanin, hemoglobin, carotene

(a, b, d)

The integument consists of the epidermis, which is composed of _, and the dermis, which is composed primarily of _ connective tissue

stratified squamous epithelium; dense irregular

Protects against abrasion; contains melanin, which absorbs damaging UV light?

skin

Protects against abrasion; acts as a heat insulator, protects the eyes against foreign objects?

hair

Produce secretions that create an environment unsuitable for some microorganisms?

glands

Protect the ends of the fingers and toes from damage; can be used in defense?

nails

Why might someone pale when they are exposed to a cold temperature?

vasoconstriction has occured

The hypodermis is rich in adipose, and thus its functions include _

organ protection, energy storage, and thermal insulation

Of the following factors, which one does not contribute to skin aging?

The skin increases the number and efficiency of epidermal dendritic cells, causing an increase in immune responsiveness

Which are applicable to the stratum corneum?

• Most superficial stratum

• Cells are dead

• Interlocking keratinized cells

• Cells are anucleate

(a, c, d, e)

Which is not a function of the integument?

No exceptions; all are functions of the integument

From deep to superficial, the order of the strata of the epidermis is _

• Basale

• Spinosum

• Granulosum

• Lucidum

• Corneum

Come Let’s Get Sun Burned

What type of epithelium is found in the epidermis?

keratinized stratified squamous

Which of these are functions of hair?

• Sensory reception

• Heat retention

• Protection

(a, b, d)

Which of the following is not found in thick skin?

hair follicles

Structures found in the dermis include _

• Sweat glands

• Hair follicles

• Collagen fibres

• Sensory nerve endings

• Arrector pill muscles

(all of the above)

Nails are a scalelike modification of the _ layer of the _

stratum corneum; epidermis

Nails form on the _ edges of the fingers and the toes

dorsal

Fingernails _ protect the digits from damage

do

During osmosis, water moves toward the solution with the _ solute concentration

greater

These junctions hold adjacent cells together and provide resistance to mechanical stress?

desmosomes

The phase of mitosis that begins with the arrival of a group of single-stranded chromosomes at each pole of the cell is?

telophase

The most abundant lipid of the membrane consists of a head and two tails. This type of lipid is?

phospholipid

When fertilization occurs, the sperm recognizes the egg by _

the unique glycocalyx on the egg's surface

Which of the following choices describes three general functions cells must perform?

• Maintain shape

• Obtain nutrients

• Dispose of wastes

Another name for the intracellular fluid is _

cytosol

The function of the nucleolus is to make _

the subunits of ribosomes

A sequence of nucleotides in DNA constitutes a _

gene

DNA and associated proteins form _

chromatin

Identify the components of the plasma membrane

• Phospholipid nonpolar tails

• Polar head of phospholipid

• Cholesterol

• Glycoprotein

Complete each statement by dragging each label into the appropriate blank. Not all terms will be used.

• Filtration

• Hydrostatic pressure

• Simple diffusion

• Osmosis

• Carrier-mediated diffusion

Match the component of a cell with its description.

• Cytoplasm

• Plasma membrane

• Nucleus

The type of exocrine gland in which the entire cell disintegrates, liberating any accumulated products, is the _ gland

holorine

The largest of the body membranes, commonly called the skin, is the _ membrane

cutaneous

A thin extracellular layer upon which an epithelium rests is called a(n) _

basement membrane

The type of membrane that lines many of the body's joints is a _ membrane

synovial

Which is avascular (lacks blood vessels)?

epithelial tissue

Pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium is found lining _

portions of the respiratory system

Dendrites _

transmit signals towards the cell body

If a person were unable to form saliva, what type of gland could be missing or malfunctioning?

mecocrine glands

The type of epithelial tissue that is only one cell-layer thick is called _ ; the type of epithelial tissue that is two or more cell-layers thick is called _ .

simple; stratified

Where in the body would you expect to find a perichondrium?

covering cartilage

Correctly label the following areas on a slide of simple columnar epithelium.

• Microvilli

• Connective tissue

• Basement membrane

• Nuclei

• Goblet cell

• Columnar cells

Cerumen is a secretion that _

lubricates the ear canal and traps debris before it reaches the eardrum

To speed healing from surgery, incisions should be placed _ to lines of cleavage

parallel

Why might someone pale when they are exposed to a cold temperature?

vasoconstriction has occured

Classify the situations into the correct boxes according to whether they would result in constriction of the dermal blood vessels (vasoconstriction) or dilation of the dermal blood vessels (vasodilation)

Vasoconstriction:

• Going outside on a cold day

• Jumping into a cold pool

Vasodilation:

• Sitting in the sun on a warm day

• Running on the treadmill at the gym

Fine hair called _, which is unpigmented or lightly pigmented, is the primary human hair and is found on the upper and lower limbs

vellus

Tactile (Merkel) cells are sensitive to _

touch

Match the structure with its protective function

• Skin

• Hair

• Glands

• Nails

Which is the actively growing part of the nail?

nail matrix

The part of the hair that extends beyond the skin surface is called the _

shaft

Epidermal dendritic (Langerhans) cells function as part of the _ response

immune

Nails are hard derivatives formed from the stratum _ of the epidermis

corneum

Stratum basale

Epidermal layer, which is tightly attached to the underlying basement membrane

BURNED

Stratum spinosum

The second deepest layer, also known as the spiny layer

SUN

Stratum granulosum

The middle layer, consisting of 3-5 layers of keratinocytes

GET

Stratum lucidum

The clear layer which is a thin, translucent region about 2-3 cell layers thick

LET’S

Stratum comeum

Superficial layer of the epidermis, consisting of deal, scaley keratinized cells

COME

The largest internal cellular structure is known as the _ and is the cell's control center

nucleus

The lipid that stabilizes the membrane at extreme temperatures and is found in the hydrophobic regions of the bilayer?

cholesterol

Proteins that assist the movement of a substance across the membrane are called _ proteins

transport

Consider a cell with a total internal solute concentration of 0.9%. Placing the cell in which bath solution would result in creation of the greatest osmotic pressure in the cell?

0.5% NaCl

Channel-mediated diffusion is a subtype of _

facilitated diffusion

Diffusion rate is fastest when the concentration gradient is _

steepest and temperature is highest