Vertebrates ( Fish & Amphibians) | Life Sci 11

chordates

organisms with:

• notecord

• a flexible rod supporting the back

• a nerve cord

• slits in their throat area (*most chordates are vertebrates)

vertebrate

animal with a backbone that is part of an endoskeleton - it supports the body, protects organs, and gives muscles a place to attach

ectotherm

body does NOT produce internal heat (ex: fishes, amphibians, reptiles)

endotherm

DOES regulate its own tempurature by controlling internal heat

fish

ectotherms that live in water

• have fins

• obtains oxygen thorugh gills

• have sales

catilaginous fish

fish that have jaws and scales + skeletons made of cartilage (ex: sharks, rays)

jawless fish

fish that have NO jaws or scales with skeletons made of cartilage (ex: lamprey & hagfish)

bony fish

has; jaws, scales, a skeleton of hard bones, and a pocket on each side of head that holds gills

swim bladder

organ that is a gas-filled sac - helps fish stay stable at different depths

amphibians

ectothermic vertebrate that spends early life in water and adulthood on land (ex: salamanders, frogs, toads)

(amphibian) lungs

breathe on land but can also exchange 02 and CO2 through the skin

(most amphibians undergo) metamorphosis

legs and lungs develop for adult life - heart is three-chambered (double circulation system) with atria and ventricles

reptiles

• ectothermic | lungs, scaly skin - skin, kidneys, and eggs are adapted to conserve water

• have kidneys | filters water from blood with the waste being excreted as urine

• have internal fertilization | produces amniotic eggs/an egg with a shell and internal membranes that keep embryo moist

• lay their eggs on land

• 3 major groups | lizards & snakes, alligators & crocodiles, turtles

lizards & snakes (reptiles)

skin covered with overlapping scales | lizards have 4 legs, snakes have 0

alligators & crocodiles (reptiles)

large carnivrous (meat eating) reptiles that care for their young

turtles (reptile)

body covered by a protective shell that includes ribs and backbone

birds

endothermic vertebrate that has feathers and a four-chambered heart - lays eggs

(birds) adaptations for flight

• strong, hollow bones, high energy diet, large efficient heart, lungs with air sacs

• wings have shape, movement, and surface area to enable light

contour feathers

streamlined shape & color

down feathers

insulating layer under contour

birds are adapted fopr living in diverse environments

shapes of:

• legs

• claws

• beaks (bills)

mammals

endothermic vertebrates with 4 chambered heart and skin covered with fur/hair

• most are born alive

• young are fed with milk from mother’s mammery glands

• have specialized teeth

herbivores

plant eating mammals - have incisors that cut and molars that grind

carnivors

meat eaters - have sharp canines that tear flesh

omnivores

both plan and animal eaters - using variety of teeth

have body systems: (characteristics)

1. well developed lungs

2. 4 champered heart & 2 loop circulatory system

3. large brain & compplex nervous system

4. specialized ways of moving - walk, run, hop, swing, glide, fly, and swim

5. internal fertilization

which MAIN groups have body systems

1. monotremes

2. marsupials

3. placental mammals

monotremes

egg laying mammals - lack nipples (ex: spiny anteater & duck billed platypus)

marsupials

mammals that give biorth during early stage of development - then later develp in mother’s pouch (ex: kangaroos)

placental mammals

developed from embryo - diverse based on how they eat & move