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chordates
organisms with:
notecord
a flexible rod supporting the back
a nerve cord
slits in their throat area (*most chordates are vertebrates)
vertebrate
animal with a backbone that is part of an endoskeleton - it supports the body, protects organs, and gives muscles a place to attach
ectotherm
body does NOT produce internal heat (ex: fishes, amphibians, reptiles)
endotherm
DOES regulate its own tempurature by controlling internal heat
fish
ectotherms that live in water
have fins
obtains oxygen thorugh gills
have sales
catilaginous fish
fish that have jaws and scales + skeletons made of cartilage (ex: sharks, rays)
jawless fish
fish that have NO jaws or scales with skeletons made of cartilage (ex: lamprey & hagfish)
bony fish
has; jaws, scales, a skeleton of hard bones, and a pocket on each side of head that holds gills
swim bladder
organ that is a gas-filled sac - helps fish stay stable at different depths
amphibians
ectothermic vertebrate that spends early life in water and adulthood on land (ex: salamanders, frogs, toads)
(amphibian) lungs
breathe on land but can also exchange 02 and CO2 through the skin
(most amphibians undergo) metamorphosis
legs and lungs develop for adult life - heart is three-chambered (double circulation system) with atria and ventricles
reptiles
ectothermic | lungs, scaly skin - skin, kidneys, and eggs are adapted to conserve water
have kidneys | filters water from blood with the waste being excreted as urine
have internal fertilization | produces amniotic eggs/an egg with a shell and internal membranes that keep embryo moist
lay their eggs on land
3 major groups | lizards & snakes, alligators & crocodiles, turtles
lizards & snakes (reptiles)
skin covered with overlapping scales | lizards have 4 legs, snakes have 0
alligators & crocodiles (reptiles)
large carnivrous (meat eating) reptiles that care for their young
turtles (reptile)
body covered by a protective shell that includes ribs and backbone
birds
endothermic vertebrate that has feathers and a four-chambered heart - lays eggs
(birds) adaptations for flight
strong, hollow bones, high energy diet, large efficient heart, lungs with air sacs
wings have shape, movement, and surface area to enable light
contour feathers
streamlined shape & color
down feathers
insulating layer under contour
birds are adapted fopr living in diverse environments
shapes of:
legs
claws
beaks (bills)
mammals
endothermic vertebrates with 4 chambered heart and skin covered with fur/hair
most are born alive
young are fed with milk from mother’s mammery glands
have specialized teeth
herbivores
plant eating mammals - have incisors that cut and molars that grind
carnivors
meat eaters - have sharp canines that tear flesh
omnivores
both plan and animal eaters - using variety of teeth
have body systems: (characteristics)
well developed lungs
4 champered heart & 2 loop circulatory system
large brain & compplex nervous system
specialized ways of moving - walk, run, hop, swing, glide, fly, and swim
internal fertilization
which MAIN groups have body systems
monotremes
marsupials
placental mammals
monotremes
egg laying mammals - lack nipples (ex: spiny anteater & duck billed platypus)
marsupials
mammals that give biorth during early stage of development - then later develp in mother’s pouch (ex: kangaroos)
placental mammals
developed from embryo - diverse based on how they eat & move