Biology 112

obligate aerobes evolved enzymes

(require oxygen) SOD and catalase

Plants evolved to have...

sporophyte dominance

Seed plants are the

Gynosperms and Angiosperms

Angiosperms

flowering plants

seeds

protects and provides food for the embryo

pollen

dispersal of sperm that is no longer water dependent

Male gametophyte

microgametophyte (pollen grain)

Female gametophyte

megagametophyte (ovule)

Gymnosperms

Naked seeds: Coniferophyta (pines) cycadophyta(tropical) gnetophyta(desert) ginkgophyta(ginkgo biloba)
(comeon comeon

Angiosperms

Flowers and fruits: Anthophyta

Ephedra

Gnetophyta that can be used as medicine to promote urine

Ginkgo biloba

only ginkgo left

Flowering Plant Classes

Monocots and Eudicots

Monocot characteristics

one cotyledonleaf veins parallelstem vascular tissue scatteredfibrous rootsfloral organs in 3s

eudicot characteristics

-two cotyledons-veins usually netlike-vascular tissue usually arranged in ring-taproot (main root) usually present-pollen grain with three openings-floral organs usually in multiples of four or five

Big pollinators are

butterflies

Flower Anatomy

Stamen: Male anther and filament
Carpel: Female stigma

Ovary becomes the

fruit

Ovule becomes the

seed

Wood is

proliferating xylem

The 6 crops that yeild 80% of the calories consumed by humans

wheat

Atropine: Belladonna plant

eye pupil dilator

Quinine: Cinchona tree

Malaria preventative

Hyphae

The branching

Septate fungi

have hyphae with cross walls

Nonseptate fungi

multinucleated

The ________ stage of the fungus is the mature stage

haploid

Mycelia

networks of branched hyphae adapted for absorption

Fungal cell walls contain

chitin

Most fungi have hyphae divided into cells by

septa

Coenocytic fungi

lack septa and have a continuous cytoplasmic mass with hundreds or thousands of nuclei

Some unique fungi have specialized hyphae called ______ that allow them to penetrate the tissues of their host

haustoria

The big decomposers are

fungi and

Nucleariids

amoebas that feed on algae and bacteria

Animals are most closely related to

unicellular choanoflagellates

Sexual reproduction of fungi

fusion of two haploid hyphae of compatible mating strands (+ and -). Use pheromones. Dikaryotic stage then diploid zygote

Candida albicans

yeast cell that causes candidiasis and thrush. Think horizontal gene transfer and transformation.

Yeast reproduction

asexual budding

Molds

multicellular fungi

Mildew

a fungus that grows on damp fabrics

Class 1: Azoles

inhibit the production ergosterol (a main fungal sterol)

Class 2: Polyenes

Interact with fungal membranes sterols physiochemically

Class 3: 5-Flourocytosine

Inhibits the biosynthesis of certain fungal-specific cellular compounds

Fungal sister taxa

Ascomycetes and Basidiomycetes

zoospore

Flagellated spore found in chytrid fungi and some protists.

Glomeromycetes

form arbuscular mycorrhizae with plant roots

Ascomycetes

sac fungi

Basidiomycetes

club fungi: familiar toadstools

Zygomycota

bread molds

Neurospora crassa

experimental organism for the one-gene-one-enzyme study

Aspergillus and Candida

cause serious human infections: mycosis Thrush Ringworm Athletes foot

Blight

massive plant die off

sac fungi reproduction

forms ascus sac during sexual reproduction with 8 ascopores.

Penicillum

source of penicillin

Conidia

Ascomycetes reproduce asexually by enormous numbers of these asexual spores

Histoplasmosis

subclinical infection that does not come to the attention of the person involved. Usually detected in already sick people and cause pneumonia.

Lichens

represent symbiotic relationships between a fungus and cyanobacteria or green algae

Leaf cutter ant transports a leaf that will feed ___________ forming a symbiotic relationship

a fungus

Emerald Ash Borer

insect that attacks ash trees and is parasitized by a pathogenic fungus that holds promise as a biological insecticide

Mycosis

fungal infection in animals

complete metamorphosis

Insect development consisting of four stages: egg

incomplete metamorphosis

Insect development consisting of three stages: egg

Parthenogenesis

Asexual reproduction in which females produce offspring from unfertilized eggs.

The embryological development steps

1. Blastulation 2. Gastrulation- for blastocyst 3. Neurulation

Blastopore

first opening in the developing embryo

Neural plate becomes the neural tube which becomes

the brain and spinal cord

Zygote

fertilized egg

embryo

after zygote implants into tissue of embryonic development. Will undergo blastulation

fetus

all organs are formed

Hox genes

series of genes that controls the differentiation of cells and tissues in an embryo

Features used to classify animals

symmetry

Asymmetrical

sponges

radial symmetry

Symmetry about a central axis.

bilateral symmetry

arrangement of body parts so there are distinct left and right halves that mirror each other

Parazoa

no true tissues or symmetry Ex. Sponges

eumetazoa

animals with true tissues

Radiata

Members of the radially symmetrical animal phyla

Bilaterata

Bilaterally symmetrical animals that are triploblasts (mesoderm)

coelom

body cavity lined with mesoderm

Coelomate

earthworm

Pseudocoelomate

Nematoda (round worm)

acelomate

planarian

Protostome

an animal whose mouth is formed from the blastopore. Spiral determinate cleavage

Deuterostomes

blastopore becomes anus. Radial indeterminate cleavage

blastopore forms during

gastrulation. Connects the archenteron to the exterior of the gastrula

Lophotrochozoa

One of two distinct clades within the protostomes. It includes annelids and mollusks. Have a trochophore larva and/or lophophore

Ecdysozoa

Nematoda and Arthropoda

Ecdysis

molting

Cambrian explosion

- new predator-prey relationships - a rise of o2 - evolution of hox gene complexes

Anomalocaris

the largest predator of the Cambrian

had compound eyes and spiky tentacles

How many mass extinctions have there been?

five

invertebrate

An animal without a backbone

Rotifer

Microscopic invertebrates characterized by ciliated corona that when beating looks like a rotating wheel.

lophophore

a crown of ciliated tentacles that function in feeding

trochophore larva

Distinctive larval stage observed in some lophotrochozoan animals

Amoebocyte

within the body wall of a sponge

Choanocyte

generates water current and filters food particles from water

Osculum

A large opening on a sponge through which filtered water is expelled

Spongocoel

Found in sponges