The French and Industrial Revolutions Study Guide

you got this :D

Louis XVI

The french monarch guy when all the french revolution crap went down

Assembly of Notables

Louis xvi hires new economics guy. The new guy says that the nobles better start paying taxes before france cripples from bankruptcy. Parliament disagrees, so Louis makes an assembly so that the economics guy can explain it to the nobles. Nobles say…no.

Estates General

Louis xvi hires new economics guy version 2. The new guy says the the nobles BETTER START PAYING TAXES before france cripples and dies. King organizes a group of representatives (commoners included). Everybody is super hyped.

Emanuel-Joseph Sieyes -”What is the 3rd Estate?”

Basically a text saying that since the nobles had no function in society, they should have no political power.

Political rights should be representative of your contribution to the country :)

The Tennis Court Oath

Before the estates general could actually commence, there was a fight about how the vote should be taken (taking a vote for how the vote should be taken?).

\
Commoners want the debate and voting in a single room 

* They can see the voters 

\
The nobles and the church want the vote to occur separately 

* Only the final tally is shown 

\
The commoners rally and go to the nearest large, unlocked room (tennis court) → form the National Assembly

The National Assembly

* Declaration of Rights of **Man** 
* Abolition of Feudal Privilege 
* EVERYBODY IS TAXED THE SAME
* Establishment of constitutional monarchy (1791)  \n

In place for basically one year :o

\
Problems

* Serious threat of counterrevolution 
* Anarchy 
* Factionalism

The Bastille

The angry mob of Paris *assumes* that the King is returning to absolute power and they take to the streets and essentially take over Paris. Now Louis has to take back Paris.

Women’s march on Versailles

So TYPICALLY, women would stand in line early in the morning to get bread, but the price of bread was skyrocketing. They also ran out of bread in the middle of the line. Ladies march out to Versailles and tell the King about how hard things are in Paris. (politely murder guards, politely break into Versailles, politely abduct King) 

**essentially kidnap him and place him on house arrest.**

The Great Fear

Wave of peasant riots at the beginning of French Revolution. Population rise + terrible harvest + general bad.

The End of Feudalism

One of National Assembly’s policies. **Delete the nobles** and make one legal code for everybody

The Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen

Pretty standard rights. For __***MEN***__ by the way.

The Flight to Varennes

The Royal Family dress as commoners and try to escape France. Um, so the King dies since the postman recognized him.

The Committee of Public Safety

1. Levvee en Masse

* Forces all young able-bodies men to join the military WITHOUT PAY 
* A lot of teenage men like this

\

2. Revolutionary propaganda 

\

3. Ban Christianity 

\

4. The Reign of Terror 

* Anybody that goes against committee is killed without trial 

Maximilien Robespierre

Spearheaded the idea of the Reign of Terror. “without the Reign of Terror, France would not be a successful country, much less a revolution”

The Reign of Terror

\~50,000 killed as a result of politically sanctioned violence

\
Basically Committee of Public Safety killing a bunch of guys for going against the “betterment” of society

Thermidorian Reaction

* After the death of Robespierre 
* All of the upset conservatives are called upon to settle the radical mobs 
* **Beat the mob back into submission** 

__Directory sticks around thanks to this conservatives and moderates have reclaimed Paris__

The Directory

Too many checks and balances, nothing gets done

\
Moderate Constitutional Republic (no reforms)

\
Overall pretty unpopular

Napoleon Bonaparte

A cool, charismatic, italian general that entranced the hearts of the french people during the instability of the Directory and modern AP Euro students.

The Consulate

“The Revolution is over, I am the Revolution” 

* Napoleonic Code
* Rationalized French Government
* Expands state government

The Napoleonic Code

Law written by mr. napoleon himself that list a number of rights for the french people.


1. Equality before the law **(for men)** 
2. Uniform tax code 
3. Uniform legal rights and protections 

The Battle of Trafalgar

The Pesky British are at it. France decides to try and attack the british through the channel. Well this didn’t work and there was a complete british victory. Like by a landslide.

The Battle of Austerlitz

Possibly Napoleon’s greatest victory. Thousands of canons, thousands of horsies, thousands of guys. Austria dies and the HRE is no longer a thing (RIP)

The Confederation of the Rhine

Alliance of all the German states (not Austria or Prussia) with France

The Grand Duchy of Warsaw

Poland that was blipped back into existence by Napoleon

The Continental System

Economic Warfare 

* Ban all trade with Britain (including all other countries) 
* Britain’s main market is the European market 
* Backfire (hurt French economy) 

\
Britain can just trade with the rest of the world

* Smuggle stuff 
* Economic recession for many of Napoleon’s allies (Especially Russia) 

The 100 Days

Where Napoleon escaped from his time-out spot in Elba and tried to regain power. He did (since everybody still seemed to like him), but then he was sent away again.

Waterloo

When Napoleon tried to go north to defeat the British, but failed and was captured instead.

The Congress of Vienna

Putting Europe back together again.

Goals: 

* Peace and Stability 
* Make sure no more kings have heads cut off
* **Contain France + Balance of Power**

\
Great Powers Represented

* Britain, Russia, Austria, Prussia, France

\

Mechanism

* Redistribute conquered French territory to beef up other continental powers

Balance of Power

Maybe one country shouldn’t absolutely dominate the other countries???

Klemens von Metternich

* Austrian conservatives 
* Nations don’t have to change, we can just kill everybody that disagrees 

The Concert of Europe

General consensus between the great powers of Europe that balance of power should be maintained.

The Holy Alliance

**HYPER CONSERVATIVE ALLIANCE** 

* **Austria**
* **Russia** 
* **Prussia** 

Steam Engine

Key technological development during Industrial Revolution. Helped power many different machines and factories.

Railroads

New industry during the Industrial Revolution. Allowed faster transport on land

Canals

Helped connect bodies of water through a country so that trade and transport is much easier

Tariffs

A tax that is placed on certain imports or exports (tariffs on international trade mean that the nation needs to start being able to self-sustain.

Adam Smith

Economic theorist:

* Supply and demand


* Markets are the most rational way of distributing stuff

→ markets left to their own devices, will be stable 

David Ricardo

Economic theorist:

* Poverty is the natural condition for the working class 

“The Iron Law of Wages”

“all attempts to improve the real income of workers were futile and that wages perforce would remain near the subsistence level.”

Long-Term Causes of the French Revolution

* **Social Change** - poor people angy
* **Mounting Debt (~12,000,000,000 Livre)** - ouch
* **Inefficient Tax System** - corrupt tax collectors
* **Enlightenment Ideas** 
* **Limits to Royal Authority** 

How did the French Revolution radicalize between the years 1789 and 1793

People wanted change and it escalated from there. We got the Girondins to the Jacobins

How did Napoleon rise to power?

Was a charismatic, smart general who quickly rose the ranks. He gained political power in the **Coup D’etat,** where he essentially rose as dictator.

How did Napoleon reorganize Continental Europe?

A lot of land to France or allied with france.

What were the reasons for Napoleon’s military dominance?

* Morale - willingness to endure hardship + risk death 
* Mobility
* Decisive Battles 

How did Napoleon attempt to take down Great Britain?

Tried to use economic warfare where Napoleon forced other countries to stop trading with Britain, but didn’t work very well…

To what extent did Napoleon serve the values of the French Revolution?

New civic codes, built education systems, etc.

To what extent did Napoleon undermine the values of the French Revolution?

Is literally a dictator.

Reasons for Napoleon’s downfall

Continuous defeats, also a lot of countries hated his guts.

What were the main goals of the Congress of Vienna?

* Peace and Stability 
* Make sure no more kings have heads cut off
* Contain France + Balance of Power

What were the major changes made to the map of Europe by the Congress of Vienna?

**Netherlands** - Independent

**Rhineland** - Prussia

**German States** - Independent 

**Northern Italy** - Austria

**Southern Italy** - Independent

**Poland** - Russia  

What were the strengths and weaknesses of the resolution reached by the Congress of Vienna?

Major strength =

* international balance of power
* same page (revolutions are bad)
* next years, no wars

\
Weaknesses

* no national identities of the people that are moved around

Why did the Industrial Revolution start in Britain? - Geographic

* Island nation
* Coal and Iron reserves
* Waterways
* Deforestation

Why did the Industrial Revolution start in Britain? - Political

* House of Commons - wealthy non-nobles (bourgeoisie) 
* Push laws in favor for capital 

Why did the Industrial Revolution start in Britain? - Cultural

\
* Agricultural revolution

Why did the Industrial Revolution start in Britain? - Economic

* Access to capital
* Protect capital through insurance 
* Accumulated capital from 100+ years of colonialism
* Wealthy investors fund new industries
* Spread of world trade 

Why did the Industrial Revolution start in Britain? - Technological

Key Techs 

* From Cottage industry to the Factory Model


* Coal
* Steam Engine
* Mechanization
* Increased Iron Production
* Railroads!!! (1804) 

Cottage Industry

\
Factory

What challenges did Germany face in its efforts to Industrialize, and how did it overcome these obstacles

Problems - Political division, serfdom in east, separation of resources 

\
Solutions -

* The Zollverein (1834) (customs union)


* Government financed Railroads 
* Government funded **Universities** (important later) 

Why was Industrialization slower in France than in Britain or Germany?

* No agricultural revolution, traditional rights of peasant protected by French Revolution, no enclosure
* **Limited capital**: Landlords unwilling to invest in industry
* Subsistence farmers lack cash for consumer goods  → no market :(

How did the Industrial revolution change the balance of power in Europe?

Industrialized countries gained power

\
**successful - Germany, Belgium, U.S., France, Northern Italy :D**

\n somewhat - **Austria-Hungary, Netherlands :/**

\
failed - literally everywhere else :(