Louis XVI
The french monarch guy when all the french revolution crap went down
Assembly of Notables
Louis xvi hires new economics guy. The new guy says that the nobles better start paying taxes before france cripples from bankruptcy. Parliament disagrees, so Louis makes an assembly so that the economics guy can explain it to the nobles. Nobles say…no.
Estates General
Louis xvi hires new economics guy version 2. The new guy says the the nobles BETTER START PAYING TAXES before france cripples and dies. King organizes a group of representatives (commoners included). Everybody is super hyped.
Emanuel-Joseph Sieyes -”What is the 3rd Estate?”
Basically a text saying that since the nobles had no function in society, they should have no political power.
Political rights should be representative of your contribution to the country :)
The Tennis Court Oath
Before the estates general could actually commence, there was a fight about how the vote should be taken (taking a vote for how the vote should be taken?).
Commoners want the debate and voting in a single room
They can see the voters
The nobles and the church want the vote to occur separately
Only the final tally is shown
The commoners rally and go to the nearest large, unlocked room (tennis court) → form the National Assembly
The National Assembly
Declaration of Rights of Man
Abolition of Feudal Privilege
EVERYBODY IS TAXED THE SAME
Establishment of constitutional monarchy (1791) \n
In place for basically one year :o
Problems
Serious threat of counterrevolution
Anarchy
Factionalism
The Bastille
The angry mob of Paris assumes that the King is returning to absolute power and they take to the streets and essentially take over Paris. Now Louis has to take back Paris.
Women’s march on Versailles
So TYPICALLY, women would stand in line early in the morning to get bread, but the price of bread was skyrocketing. They also ran out of bread in the middle of the line. Ladies march out to Versailles and tell the King about how hard things are in Paris. (politely murder guards, politely break into Versailles, politely abduct King)
essentially kidnap him and place him on house arrest.
The Great Fear
Wave of peasant riots at the beginning of French Revolution. Population rise + terrible harvest + general bad.
The End of Feudalism
One of National Assembly’s policies. Delete the nobles and make one legal code for everybody
The Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen
Pretty standard rights. For MEN by the way.
The Flight to Varennes
The Royal Family dress as commoners and try to escape France. Um, so the King dies since the postman recognized him.
The Committee of Public Safety
Levvee en Masse
Forces all young able-bodies men to join the military WITHOUT PAY
A lot of teenage men like this
Revolutionary propaganda
Ban Christianity
The Reign of Terror
Anybody that goes against committee is killed without trial
Maximilien Robespierre
Spearheaded the idea of the Reign of Terror. “without the Reign of Terror, France would not be a successful country, much less a revolution”
The Reign of Terror
~50,000 killed as a result of politically sanctioned violence
Basically Committee of Public Safety killing a bunch of guys for going against the “betterment” of society
Thermidorian Reaction
After the death of Robespierre
All of the upset conservatives are called upon to settle the radical mobs
Beat the mob back into submission
Directory sticks around thanks to this conservatives and moderates have reclaimed Paris
The Directory
Too many checks and balances, nothing gets done
Moderate Constitutional Republic (no reforms)
Overall pretty unpopular
Napoleon Bonaparte
A cool, charismatic, italian general that entranced the hearts of the french people during the instability of the Directory and modern AP Euro students.
The Consulate
“The Revolution is over, I am the Revolution”
Napoleonic Code
Rationalized French Government
Expands state government
The Napoleonic Code
Law written by mr. napoleon himself that list a number of rights for the french people.
Equality before the law (for men)
Uniform tax code
Uniform legal rights and protections
The Battle of Trafalgar
The Pesky British are at it. France decides to try and attack the british through the channel. Well this didn’t work and there was a complete british victory. Like by a landslide.
The Battle of Austerlitz
Possibly Napoleon’s greatest victory. Thousands of canons, thousands of horsies, thousands of guys. Austria dies and the HRE is no longer a thing (RIP)
The Confederation of the Rhine
Alliance of all the German states (not Austria or Prussia) with France
The Grand Duchy of Warsaw
Poland that was blipped back into existence by Napoleon
The Continental System
Economic Warfare
Ban all trade with Britain (including all other countries)
Britain’s main market is the European market
Backfire (hurt French economy)
Britain can just trade with the rest of the world
Smuggle stuff
Economic recession for many of Napoleon’s allies (Especially Russia)
The 100 Days
Where Napoleon escaped from his time-out spot in Elba and tried to regain power. He did (since everybody still seemed to like him), but then he was sent away again.
Waterloo
When Napoleon tried to go north to defeat the British, but failed and was captured instead.
The Congress of Vienna
Putting Europe back together again.
Goals:
Peace and Stability
Make sure no more kings have heads cut off
Contain France + Balance of Power
Great Powers Represented
Britain, Russia, Austria, Prussia, France
Mechanism
Redistribute conquered French territory to beef up other continental powers
Balance of Power
Maybe one country shouldn’t absolutely dominate the other countries???
Klemens von Metternich
Austrian conservatives
Nations don’t have to change, we can just kill everybody that disagrees
The Concert of Europe
General consensus between the great powers of Europe that balance of power should be maintained.
The Holy Alliance
HYPER CONSERVATIVE ALLIANCE
Austria
Russia
Prussia
Steam Engine
Key technological development during Industrial Revolution. Helped power many different machines and factories.
Railroads
New industry during the Industrial Revolution. Allowed faster transport on land
Canals
Helped connect bodies of water through a country so that trade and transport is much easier
Tariffs
A tax that is placed on certain imports or exports (tariffs on international trade mean that the nation needs to start being able to self-sustain.
Adam Smith
Economic theorist:
Supply and demand
Markets are the most rational way of distributing stuff
→ markets left to their own devices, will be stable
David Ricardo
Economic theorist:
Poverty is the natural condition for the working class
“The Iron Law of Wages”
“all attempts to improve the real income of workers were futile and that wages perforce would remain near the subsistence level.”
Long-Term Causes of the French Revolution
Social Change - poor people angy
Mounting Debt (~12,000,000,000 Livre) - ouch
Inefficient Tax System - corrupt tax collectors
Enlightenment Ideas
Limits to Royal Authority
How did the French Revolution radicalize between the years 1789 and 1793
People wanted change and it escalated from there. We got the Girondins to the Jacobins
How did Napoleon rise to power?
Was a charismatic, smart general who quickly rose the ranks. He gained political power in the Coup D’etat, where he essentially rose as dictator.
How did Napoleon reorganize Continental Europe?
A lot of land to France or allied with france.
What were the reasons for Napoleon’s military dominance?
Morale - willingness to endure hardship + risk death
Mobility
Decisive Battles
How did Napoleon attempt to take down Great Britain?
Tried to use economic warfare where Napoleon forced other countries to stop trading with Britain, but didn’t work very well…
To what extent did Napoleon serve the values of the French Revolution?
New civic codes, built education systems, etc.
To what extent did Napoleon undermine the values of the French Revolution?
Is literally a dictator.
Reasons for Napoleon’s downfall
Continuous defeats, also a lot of countries hated his guts.
What were the main goals of the Congress of Vienna?
Peace and Stability
Make sure no more kings have heads cut off
Contain France + Balance of Power
What were the major changes made to the map of Europe by the Congress of Vienna?
Netherlands - Independent
Rhineland - Prussia
German States - Independent
Northern Italy - Austria
Southern Italy - Independent
Poland - Russia
What were the strengths and weaknesses of the resolution reached by the Congress of Vienna?
Major strength =
international balance of power
same page (revolutions are bad)
next years, no wars
Weaknesses
no national identities of the people that are moved around
Why did the Industrial Revolution start in Britain? - Geographic
Island nation
Coal and Iron reserves
Waterways
Deforestation
Why did the Industrial Revolution start in Britain? - Political
House of Commons - wealthy non-nobles (bourgeoisie)
Push laws in favor for capital
Why did the Industrial Revolution start in Britain? - Cultural
Agricultural revolution
Why did the Industrial Revolution start in Britain? - Economic
Access to capital
Protect capital through insurance
Accumulated capital from 100+ years of colonialism
Wealthy investors fund new industries
Spread of world trade
Why did the Industrial Revolution start in Britain? - Technological
Key Techs
From Cottage industry to the Factory Model
Coal
Steam Engine
Mechanization
Increased Iron Production
Railroads!!! (1804)
Cottage Industry
Factory
What challenges did Germany face in its efforts to Industrialize, and how did it overcome these obstacles
Problems - Political division, serfdom in east, separation of resources
Solutions -
The Zollverein (1834) (customs union)
Government financed Railroads
Government funded Universities (important later)
Why was Industrialization slower in France than in Britain or Germany?
No agricultural revolution, traditional rights of peasant protected by French Revolution, no enclosure
Limited capital: Landlords unwilling to invest in industry
Subsistence farmers lack cash for consumer goods → no market :(
How did the Industrial revolution change the balance of power in Europe?
Industrialized countries gained power
successful - Germany, Belgium, U.S., France, Northern Italy :D
\n somewhat - Austria-Hungary, Netherlands :/
failed - literally everywhere else :(