Amphibians.

anamniotic

What type of egg do Lissamphibians have?

anamniotic

type of egg that has no amnion, chorion, or allantois

instead they are gelatinous capsules with an embryo and a yolk

epidermal

type of scales that amphibians have

10

number of pairs of cranial nerves (most tetrapods have more)

upward/downward

Lissamphibia have 2 ocipital condyles articulate with first cervical vertebra which allows ________/_________ movement but not side to side.

sacrum

Caecilians

leg

A single sacral vertebra (______) with enlarged transverse processes articulate with the pelvic girdle is an important Lissamphibia characteristic. Lost in__ ________. Related to__ ___ movement.

pedicellate

type of teeth in Lissamphibia

pedicellate

type of teeth divided into a basal pedicel and a distal crown

3

number of chambers in amphibian heart

mucous & poison

2 types of multicellular skin glands in amphibians

cutaneous

Amphibians have _________ respiration

gilled, aquatic

Amphibians have a ______,__ _____ larval stage (ancestral)

cranial

Amphibians have a reduced number of ________ bones.

papilla

Amphibians have a _____ in their ear.

papilla

sensory region in inner ear for low frequency sounds

opercular

Amphibians have a _________ bone in their inner ear that transmits low frequency vibrations from their legs to their papilla.

green

Amphibians (except caecilians) have _____ rods in their retina and limited color vision

levator bulbi

muscle that elevates the eye in amphibians

fat bodies

Amphibians have __ ______ bodies associated with the gonads

auditory calling & leks

2 types of mate attraction in frogs

chemoreception & pheromones

2 types of mate attraction & inducing breeding in salamanders

chemoreception & pheromones

2 potential types of mate attraction & inducing breeding in caecilians

anurans

name for frogs

urodela

name for salamanders

gymnophiona

name for caecilians

external

ancestral type of fertilization in amphibians with aquatic eggs and larvae

caecilians

Which is the only amphibian group with a true copulatory organ?

anurans/frogs

Which is the only amphibian group with external fertilization

herbivorous

Anuran larvae are generally __________

carnivorous

Salamander larvae are generally __________

internal

Anuran larvae have _____ gills.

external

Salamander and caecilian larvae have ______ gills.

frogs

Metamorphosis is most intense in _____.

thyroid hormone complex

Metamorphosis is mediated by the ______ _____ _______

apoptosis

programmed cell death

somatic maturation

What is the largest drive for metamorphosis?

productive

rapid

competition

benefits of a complex life cycle

• aquatic systems are highly _______

• allows _____ growth & development

• minimizes _______ w/ adults

aquatic

predators

migrations

costs of complex life cyle

• requires _______ habitat

• must contend with aquatic ________

• adults must make costly ________

heterochrony & paedomorphosis

2 variations on metamorphosis

heterochrony

changes in timing and/or developmental rate of some traits

paedomorphosis (type of heterochrony)

retention of juvenile characteristics despite sexual maturity

salamander

Paedomorphosis is widespread in which families?

neoteny

delaying or slowing of body (somatic) growth while sexual development continues at a normal rate

progenesis

accelerating sexual development while body (somatic) growth is normal

crypsis

camouflage coloration to match background habitat

aposematism

warning coloration to advertise toxicity or unpalatability

batesian mimicry

coloration of nontoxic species to resemble toxic ones

• free-swimming

• direct

• live

Caudata reproductive modes

• --______ larvae with metamorphosis

• _______ development

• ____ birth

Temnospondyli

clade that extant amphibians belong to

lungs

______ appeared early in bony fishes, and some fish species still alive today rely on them to breathe.

yes

Do all 3 amphibian groups have species that rely on cutaneous respiration to meet their oxygen needs?

yes

Do all 3 amphibian groups have direct development?

frogs

Which amphibian group does not have internal fertilization?