anamniotic
What type of egg do Lissamphibians have?
anamniotic
type of egg that has no amnion, chorion, or allantois
instead they are gelatinous capsules with an embryo and a yolk
epidermal
type of scales that amphibians have
10
number of pairs of cranial nerves (most tetrapods have more)
upward/downward
Lissamphibia have 2 ocipital condyles articulate with first cervical vertebra which allows /_ movement but not side to side.
sacrum
Caecilians
leg
A single sacral vertebra (____) with enlarged transverse processes articulate with the pelvic girdle is an important Lissamphibia characteristic. Lost in ______. Related to ___ movement.
pedicellate
type of teeth in Lissamphibia
pedicellate
type of teeth divided into a basal pedicel and a distal crown
3
number of chambers in amphibian heart
mucous & poison
2 types of multicellular skin glands in amphibians
cutaneous
Amphibians have _________ respiration
gilled, aquatic
Amphibians have a ____, _____ larval stage (ancestral)
cranial
Amphibians have a reduced number of ________ bones.
papilla
Amphibians have a _____ in their ear.
papilla
sensory region in inner ear for low frequency sounds
opercular
Amphibians have a _________ bone in their inner ear that transmits low frequency vibrations from their legs to their papilla.
green
Amphibians (except caecilians) have _____ rods in their retina and limited color vision
levator bulbi
muscle that elevates the eye in amphibians
fat bodies
Amphibians have __ ______ bodies associated with the gonads
auditory calling & leks
2 types of mate attraction in frogs
chemoreception & pheromones
2 types of mate attraction & inducing breeding in salamanders
chemoreception & pheromones
2 potential types of mate attraction & inducing breeding in caecilians
anurans
name for frogs
urodela
name for salamanders
gymnophiona
name for caecilians
external
ancestral type of fertilization in amphibians with aquatic eggs and larvae
caecilians
Which is the only amphibian group with a true copulatory organ?
anurans/frogs
Which is the only amphibian group with external fertilization
herbivorous
Anuran larvae are generally __________
carnivorous
Salamander larvae are generally __________
internal
Anuran larvae have _____ gills.
external
Salamander and caecilian larvae have ______ gills.
frogs
Metamorphosis is most intense in _____.
thyroid hormone complex
Metamorphosis is mediated by the ______ _____ _______
apoptosis
programmed cell death
somatic maturation
What is the largest drive for metamorphosis?
productive
rapid
competition
benefits of a complex life cycle
aquatic systems are highly _______
allows _____ growth & development
minimizes _______ w/ adults
aquatic
predators
migrations
costs of complex life cyle
requires _______ habitat
must contend with aquatic ________
adults must make costly ________
heterochrony & paedomorphosis
2 variations on metamorphosis
heterochrony
changes in timing and/or developmental rate of some traits
paedomorphosis (type of heterochrony)
retention of juvenile characteristics despite sexual maturity
salamander
Paedomorphosis is widespread in which families?
neoteny
delaying or slowing of body (somatic) growth while sexual development continues at a normal rate
progenesis
accelerating sexual development while body (somatic) growth is normal
crypsis
camouflage coloration to match background habitat
aposematism
warning coloration to advertise toxicity or unpalatability
batesian mimicry
coloration of nontoxic species to resemble toxic ones
free-swimming
direct
live
Caudata reproductive modes
--______ larvae with metamorphosis
_______ development
____ birth
Temnospondyli
clade that extant amphibians belong to
lungs
______ appeared early in bony fishes, and some fish species still alive today rely on them to breathe.
yes
Do all 3 amphibian groups have species that rely on cutaneous respiration to meet their oxygen needs?
yes
Do all 3 amphibian groups have direct development?
frogs
Which amphibian group does not have internal fertilization?