Building Stones - Building Technology 1

Building Technology 1 - UST Architecture - 2024

Building Stones

is an aggregate or combination of minerals each of which is composed of inorganic chemical materials

Strenght, Hardness, Durability, Workability, Density, Appearance

Enumerate the qualities of a stone to be a construction material

1/10

Most types of stone have more than adequate compressive strength. The shear strength of stone, however, is usually about _____ of its compressive strength.

Hardness

A quality of stone when stone is used for flooring paving and stair treads.

Strenght

This quality of stone is Important for its compressive strenght

Durability

A quality of stone for its resistance to the weathering effects of rain, wind, heat, and frost action is necessary for exterior stonework.

Workability

Quality of stone that allow the stone to be quarried, cut and shaped.

Density

Quality of stone where a stone's porosity affects its ability to withstand frost action and straining.

Appearance

A quality of stone that has factors that includes color, grain, and texture.

Igneous, Metamorphic, Sedimentary Rocks

Enumerate the Classifications of stones (according to geological origin)

Igneous

Granite Basalt and Porphyry is what kind of classification of stones?

Metamorphic

Quartzite, Slate, Marble is what kind of classifications of stones?

Sedimentary

Sandstone, Travertine, Limestone is what kind of classifications of stones?

Granite, Basalt, Porphyry

Examples of Igneous Rocks

Quartzite, Slate, Marble

Examples of Metamorphic Rocks

Sandstone, Travertine, Limestone

Examples of Sedimentary Rocks

Igneous Rocks

is formed by the crystalization of molten magma, as granite, obsidian, and malachite. solidification of molten rock.

Metamorphic Rocks

has undergone a change in structure, texture, or composition due to the natural agencies, as heat and pressure, especially when the rock becomes harder and more crystalline, as marble and slate

Sedimentary Rocks

is formed by the deposition of sediment by glacial action, as limestone, sandstone, and shale. composed of materials weathered from pre existing rock.

Erosion & Transportation, Deposition, Compaction, Cementation

How are Sedimentary Rocks formed? (in order)

Modular

As a load bearing wall material, stone is similar to _______.

Rubble, Dimension Stone, Flagstone, Crushed Stone

Stone is used in construction in the forms of?

Rubble

Form of stone that consist of rough fragments of broken stone that have at least one good face for exposure in a wall

Dimension stone

Form of stone that is quarried and squared stone 2’ or more in length and width and of specified thickness, used commonly for wall panels, cornice, copings, lintels, and flooring

Flagstone

Form of stone that refers to flat stone slabs used for flooring and horizontal surfacing

Crushed Stones or Aggregate

Used as aggregate in concrete products

Wall Panels, Cornice, Copings, Lintels, Flooring

what are Dimension stones commonly used for?

Argilite

Type of Building stones formed from clay, dark blue with faint shades of green

Granite

Type of Building stones with Igneous origin, hard, strong, durable, and capable of taking high pressure polish, red, pink, yellow, green, blue, white, brown

Limestone

Type of Building stones, a sedimentary rock like dolomite, no cleavage lines, low in absorption, smooth, uniform in structure & composition. High compressive & tensile strength

Travertine

Type of Building stones, a sedimentary rock, pleasing texture with small natural pockets in a cut surface. Used as interior decorative stone

Marble

Type of Building stones, a metamorphic rock, a re-crystalized limestone forming into carrara, parian, onyx, and vermont

Serpentine

Type of Building Stones, Igneous with mineral. Typically olive green to greenish black but impurities may color the rock

Sandstone

Type of Building Stones, class of rock of cemented silica grains with texture ranging from very fine to very coarse. Colors vary from buff, red and light brown. Porous.

Slate Rock

Type of Building Stones, metamoprphosis of clays and shale’s deposited in layers. May be separated into thin, tough sheets.

Stone Construction

largely used as facing for building material with steel and concrete frames

Paneling

Thin slabs of stone cut to dimension and thickness to cover back up walls and provide finished exterior

Stack Bond

A masonry bond formed when there is no overlapping

Running Bond

A masonry bond formed when all units are laid in stretcher position

Ashlar

work requires the use of cut stone that includes broken ashlars, regularly/irregularly coarsed

Coarsed Ashlar

Ashlar masonry laid out in courses of equal height; blocks of various sizes may be combined to make up the height of the coarse

Random Ashlar

Ashlar masonry laid without regular coarses

Rubblework

random & no attempt to produced an orderly course either horizontal or vertical. Small spaces are filled with smaller stones

Coarsed Rubble

Fieldstone or roughly dressed stone, with or without mortar

Fieldstone

Stone found on the ground, not quarried, that is a suitable size and shape for use as drywall or rubble masonry

Trim

Stones cut for specific purposes

Jambs, Sills, Copings, Cornices, Lintels, Steps, Arch Stones (Voussoirs)

Examples of Trimmed Stones.

Rusticated

A stone Finish term describing stone masonry with a recessed cut margin, so a channel is formed when the blocks are aligned

Sand Finish

A stone finish that is granular and moderately smooth

Sawn Face

A stone finish term describing stone exhibiting the marks left by the saw to cut it

Rock Face

A stone finished with emphasized face-plane shifts and rough corners, exaggerating the natural look of the stone

Split Face

A stone finish with natural quarry texture

Cobblestone

A stone used in paving. It may be rectangular, or naturally rounded

Durex Blocks

roughly cubed, usually granite blocks used for paving

Voussoir

A wedge-shaped or tapered stone used to construct an arch. Arch stones

Bedding

Sedimentary rocks commonly have a layered appearance due to grains of different composition, color, or size depositing at different times. This layering is called?

Foliation

The directed pressure that is commonly associated with metamorphism reorients elongate or flat minerals to be parallel to each other, thereby defining layering in the rock. This refers to?

gneiss

Under more extreme metamorphic conditions minerals may segregate into distict light and dark colored layers forming distinctly banded rock called?

Granodiorite

Rock associated with “Salt and Pepper”. crystalline, mix of light and dark crystals

Gabbro

Igneous rock, crystalline and dark colored

grains

are pieces of pre-existing rock or organic materials that have been cemented together to form a sedimentary rock

Rounded Grains or Pebbles

fragments of mechanically weathered rock that have had their rough edges smoother by abrasion during transport in water environments.

Angular Grains

fragments of mechanically weathered rock that have not been abraded

Ooids

A special form of spherical rounded grain of calcite that forms by accreting like a snowball as they roll around on the shallow seafloor due to wave energy

Crystals

cleavage fragments of minerals such as calcite, halite, and feldspar

ASTM C119

Standard Definition of Durability. “the measure of the ability of natural building stone to endure and to maintain its essential and distinctive characteristic of strength, resistance to decay and appearance, with relation to a specific manner, purpose, and environment of use.