AP World History - Chapter 16 Vocabulary

Olympe de Gouges

French feminist who authored the Declaration of Woman and the Female Citizen at the start of the French Revolution in 1789, which advocated for equal rights for women; later executed by the Jacobins during the Terror

John Locke

English philosopher; discovered natural laws of politics; advocated for a constitutional government

Adam Smith

Scottish philosopher and founder of modern political economy; key figure in the Scottish Enlightenment; best known for An Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations

Baron de Montesquieu

French political philosopher who advocated the separation of legislative, executive, and judicial executive powers

Voltaire

French Enlightenment writer and philosopher famous for his with and criticism of the Catholic Church

Jean-Jacques Rousseau

French-Swiss Thinker; wrote The Social Contract

The Social Contract

written by Jean Jacques Rousseau; stated that all individuals would contribute to public policy

Enlightenment

movement of rational analysis that lead to new insights of the human and natural world; looked for natural laws that governed society

philosophes

French intellectuals who addressed their word towards the educated public; believed in progress

deists

believed in the existence of god but denied supernatural teachings of Christianity

democratic

all citizens participated in public affairs

republican government

delegates represented constituents

aristocratic government

elites supervised public affairs

hierarchal rule

king or emperor; in most agricultural societies

sovereignty

authority to rule; “mandate of heaven;” “divine right of kings”C

Continental Congress

coordinated the resistance to British policies across the 13 colonies

American Revolution

battle between British troops and colonist

Declaration of Independence

document expressed the ideas of John Locke and the Enlightenment; represented the idealism of the American rebels; influenced other revolutionary movments

George Washington

military leader for the colonies

French Revolution

sought to replace society with new political, social, and cultural structures

ancien regime

“old order;” refers to the period prior to the French Revolution

Louis XVI

the last king of France before the end of the French monarchy during the French Revolution, who was executed by the guillotine

Estates General

assembly that represented the entire French population; tried to get money; composed of 3 political classes (1. Roman Catholic clergy 2. nobles 3. rest of population)

National Assembly

group formed by the third estate after they seceded from the Estates General; wanted a new constitution

Declaration of the Rights of Man and the Citizen

document from the French Revolution that was influenced by the American Declaration of Independence and in turn influenced other revolutionary movements

levee en masse

term signifying universal conscription during the radical phase of the French Revolution

reign of terror

campaign by Jacobians to promote their revolutionary agenda

Napoleon Bonaparte

French military leader during the French Revolution who later seized power and crowned himself emperor; later defeated and exiled

Civil Code

civil law promulgated by Napoleon Bonaparte

Waterloo

in Belgium; where Napoleon was defeated

Haitian Revolution

successful slave revolt on Hispanola

gens de couleur

“people of color";” mixed race slaves were worked so hard that they died or escaped

Francois Dominique Toussaint (Louverture)

“the opening;” slave who learned to read and write; led an army that controlled most of Saint-Domingue (Haiti)

peninsulares

Latin American officials from Spain or Portugal

Miguel Hidalgo y Costilla

parish priest who lead a peasant rebellion in Mexico; rallied indigenous and mestizos against colonial rule ; was executed; became the symbol for Mexican independence

Simon Bolivar

creole leader for independence in South America; believed in popular sovereignty; helped get rid of Spanish rule; wanted to create a confederation like the U.S. in South America

Gran Colombia

republic formed by Venezuela, Colombia, and Ecuador; Bolivar attempted to bring Peru and Bolivia; fell apart due to regional differences

Bastille

French royal jail and arsenal

Convention

new legislative body in France that abolished the monarchy and proclaimed France a republic

guillotine

machine that brought executions by severing a victim’s head

Maximillen Robespierre

“the Incorruptible';” member of the Jacobian party

Jacobians

felt France needed restructuring; sought to eliminate influence of Christianity; gave more rights to women

Directory

group of conservative men who ruled France; could not solve economic and military problems; ended when Napoleon seized power

Concordat

pact between Napoleon and Roman Catholic church

criollos (creoles)

people of European descent born in the Americas

Augustin de Iturbide

creole general who declared Mexico independent from Spain; made himself emperor

caudillos

strong men who were granted military authority and rallied with creole elites

conservatism

sought to justify the current state of affairs; viewed society as an organism that changed slowly over time

liberalism

criticized the status quo and argued for the need to improve society for best interests; valued freedom and equality; favored republican forms of government

suffrage

right of privilege to vote in order to elect public officials or to adopt laws; came from Enlightenment ideals

William Wilberforce

leading spokesperson for the antislavery movement; English philanthropist who was elected to Parliament where he attacked slavery on moral and religious grouns

Mary Wollstonecraft

English writer, philosopher, and advocate of women’s rights; wrote A Vindication of the Rights of Woman

Elizabeth Cady Stanton

went to an anti-slavery convention in London but was denied entrance since she was a woman; organized a conference of women which demanded rights enjoyed by men

ideology

coherent vision of human nature, human society, and the larger world that proposes some form of political and social organization as ideal

nationalism

a community identity tied to a national group

Johann Gottfried von Herder

praised the cultural achievements of the German people; focused on communities and their likeness

Volkgeist

“people’s spirit;” term that was coined by the German philosopher Herder; would not come to maturity unless people studied their own unique culture and traditions

Giuseppe Mazzini

nationalist that formed Young Italy

Young Italy

group that promoted independence from Austrian and Spanish rule and the establishment of a national state; inspired nationalist movements in other countries

Zionism

political movement that holds that the Jewish people constitute a nation and have the right to their own homeland

Anti-Semitism

term associated with a prejudice against Jews and the political, social, and economic actions taken against them

Theodor Herzl

Jewish Austro-Hungarian writer and journalist who founded the modern Zionist movement

Judenstaat

pamphlet published by Herzl that stated the end of anti-semitism lay in the mass migration of Jews from all over the world to a land of their own in Palestine

Congress of Vienna

gathering of European diplomats in Austria, from October 1814 to June 1815; the representatives for the “great powers” that defeated Napoleon - Britain, Austria, Prussia, and Russia - dominated the proceedings, which aimed to restore the prerevolutionary political and social order

Klemens von Metternich

from Austria; helped dismantle Napoleon’s empire, restore powers to thrones, suppress national consciousness

unification of Italy

Italian political leaders worked to win independence from foreign rule and establish an Italian national state

Camillo di Cavour

Prime Minister to King Vittorio Emmanuel II of Piedmont and Sardinia, and key figure in bringing about the unification of Italy

Giuseppi Garibaldi

soldier for hire who led the unification process in Southern Italy; gave Southern Italy to Vittorio Emmanuele forming the Kingdom of Italy

Otto von Bismarck

conservative German statesman who engineered the unification of Germany and then served as its first chancellor until 1890

Realpolitik

Prussian Otto von Bismarck’s “politics of reality,” the belief that only the willingness to use force would actually bring about change

unification of Germany

creation of German national state