Geological and Biological Concepts Review

These flashcards cover key geological and biological concepts discussed in the lecture notes.

What is meant by Superposition in geology?

The oldest layers of sediment are at the bottom.

Define Original Horizontality.

Sediment layers are originally deposited in horizontal layers.

What does Lateral Continuity refer to?

Sedimentary layers extend laterally in all directions.

What does Cross-Cutting relationships imply?

A geologic feature that cuts across a rock layer is younger than the layer it cuts.

What is the difference between a chronogram, phylogram, and cladogram?

Chronograms depict time relationships, phylograms show branch lengths indicating genetic distance, and cladograms are normal.

What are transcription factors?

Proteins that bind specific DNA sequences, and have on-off switches for gene expressions

What is the difference between regulatory region mutations and coding region mutations?

Regulatory occur at the binding site and there is no change of expression, while coding region mutations occur in the DNA and change the expression.

What is Batesian Mimicry?

A form of mimicry where a harmless species evolves to look harmful.

Describe Mullerian Mimicry.

Species converge to evolve similar warning colors, both being harmful.

What of the 3 main domains are ester-linked and what are ether-linked?

Eukarya and Bacteria are ester-linked, while Archaea are ether-linked.

What are the 4 aspects of LUCA?

had codon triplets, uses ATP, unicellular, membrane outside of the cell

What is the difference between Gram Positive and Gram Negative bacteria?

Gram Positive bacteria have a thick peptidoglycan layer; Gram Negative bacteria have a thin peptidoglycan layer.

What colors are gram-positive bacteria? What colors are gram-negative bacteria?

purple; pink

In Primary Endosymbiosis, what gets engulfed? What can it become?

Cyanobacteria —→ Red Algae, Green Algae, Glaucophytes

In Secondary Endosymbiosis, what gets engulfed? What can it become?

Green Algae —→ Euglenids

Red Algae ——> Stramenoplies, Alveolates

In Tertiary Endosymbiosis, what gets engulfed? What can it become?

Dinoflaggelates —→ Greater Dinoflagellates

What is Muller's Ratchet?

The accumulation of deleterious mutations in asexual populations due to lack of recombination.

Define Sexual Dimorphism.

Distinct differences in size, appearance, or behavior between males and females of a species.

What is Allopatric Speciation?

Speciation that occurs when a population is geographically separated.

What is the difference between Parapatric Speciation & Sympatric Speciation?

Parapatric: When a population is spread over a large area, & species diverge locally.

Sympatric: Speciation in the same area not due to geography.

Primary Hybrid Zone vs Secondary Hybrid Zone

primary: species hybridizes normally

secondary: previously isolated species that come into contact and mate.

Define Adaptive Radiation.

Rapid diversification of a species into multiple forms to adapt to different environments.

Anagenesis vs Cladogenesis

Anagenesis: gradual change

Cladogenesis: mostly no change, then rapid change.

What does Punctuated Equilibrium suggest about evolution?

Evolution occurs in rapid bursts followed by long periods of stability.

What is Gradualism in the context of evolution?

The theory that evolution occurs slowly and steadily over long periods.