Extra credit 1 APUSH

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Maize Cultivation

Growing corn as a staple crop that supported large Native American populations. Examples: Maya and Aztec civilizations; Pueblo agriculture in the Southwest.

Hunter-Gatherer Economy

System where people survived by hunting animals and gathering plants rather than farming. Examples: Great Basin tribes; nomadic Plains tribes before horses.

Northwest CA Natives

Indigenous peoples of the Pacific Northwest and California, known for fishing and woodworking. Examples: Chinook; Chumash.

Columbian Exchange

The transfer of plants, animals, diseases, and people between the Old World and New World after 1492. Examples: Horses to the Americas; maize and potatoes to Europe; smallpox devastating Native populations.

Plantation-Based Agriculture

Large-scale farming relying on coerced labor to grow cash crops. Examples: Sugar plantations in the Caribbean; tobacco plantations in Virginia.

Maritime Technology

New tools and ships that made long-distance sea travel possible. Examples: Caravel; astrolabe; compass.

Great Basin

Region between the Rocky Mountains and Sierra Nevada, where Native peoples lived in arid conditions with limited resources. Examples: Shoshone; Paiute.

Agricultural Economy

System based on farming and cultivation of crops for food and trade. Examples: Pueblo peoples with maize farming; Mississippian mound builders with corn and beans.

Spanish Exploration

Spain's voyages to the Americas to claim land, extract wealth, and spread Christianity. Examples: Columbus (1492); Hernán Cortés in Mexico.

Encomienda System

Spanish labor system that gave settlers the right to Native labor in exchange for "protection" and conversion. Examples: Silver mining in Potosí; encomiendas in New Mexico.

Joint-Stock Companies

Businesses where investors pooled money to share risks and profits of colonial ventures. Examples: Virginia Company; Dutch East India Company.

Deadly Epidemics

Diseases brought by Europeans that devastated Native populations. Examples: Smallpox; measles.

Great Plains

Vast region of flat grasslands where Native peoples adapted through hunting and (later) use of horses. Examples: Sioux bison hunters; Comanche horse culture.

Permanent Villages

Settlements where people lived year-round rather than moving seasonally, often supported by farming. Examples: Iroquois Confederacy villages; Pueblo communities in the Southwest.

Northeast Natives

Indigenous groups in the Northeastern U.S. who practiced mixed agriculture, hunting, and fishing. Examples: Iroquois Confederacy; Algonquian tribes.

Slave Labor

Forced labor where individuals are owned or controlled by others without freedom or pay. Examples: Enslaved Africans on Caribbean sugar plantations; Native Americans in the encomienda system.

Feudalism to Capitalism

The shift in Europe from a land-based economic system (feudalism) to one focused on trade, private property, and profit (capitalism). Examples: Feudal manors of medieval Europe; joint-stock companies like the Virginia Company.

Spanish Caste System

A social hierarchy in Spanish America based on race and birthplace. Examples: Peninsulares (Spaniards born in Spain); mestizos (Spanish + Native ancestry); enslaved Africans and Native peoples at the bottom.