History (Agoncillo) Part III No. 12 - The Malolos Republic

pp. 206 - 220

Dictatorial Government, Revolutionary Government

To show the capacity of the Filipinos for self-government, Aguinaldo established the ___________________ in May (1898) and, a month later, the ____________________.

Congress, Malolos, republicanism

In September (1898), the _____________ was convoked at ___________ and a constitution prepared to guide the government in its progress toward ________________.

Diplomatic agents, United States

_________________ were sent abroad to work for the recognition of Philippine independence. But the _______________, however, had decided to take over control of the Philippines.

Treaty of Paris, Philippine Republic, Malolos, Aguinaldo

in December 1898, the ________________ between Spain and the United States was concluded… Even so, the Filipino leaders proclaimed the ____________________ in ___________ (place) with _______________ as President.

Mariano Ponce

Aguinaldo had with him when he arrived from Hong Kong a draft of a plan prepared by ______________ for the establishment of a revolutionary government

Consul Wildman

_______________ had advised Aguinaldo earlier to establish a dictatorial government which later on could be the nucleus of a republican government similar to that of the United States.

Ambrosio Rianzares Bautista

Probably because the critical times demanded a government with a strong executive, ___________________, Aguinaldo’s adviser, told him to form a dictatorial government.

dictatorial, decree

In the morning of May 24, 1898, Aguinaldo proclaimed that he was assuming “command of all the troops … inaugurating a ________ government…” Later in that day, he issued a __________ formally establishing the Dictatorial Government

Dictator, circular

One of Aguinaldo’s first acts as _________ (tern of a leader) was to issue a _________, dated May 29, 1898, urging the people to stop the disgraceful treatment of Spanish prisoners.

military tribunals

To maintain peace and order and to suppress crimes, Aguinaldo issued another order on June 1 providing that all classes of crimes were to be tried by competent _____________.

independence, Mabini, Aguinaldo

With a government in place (Dictatorial Gov’t), Aguinaldo thought that it was necessary to declare the ___________ of the Philippines. __________ (person), who had by now been made Aguinaldo’s unofficial adviser, objected… _____ stood his ground and won.

June

On June 5, Aguinaldo issued a decree setting aside ______ 12 as the day for the proclamation of Philippine independence.

Julian Felipe

At the same time, he commissioned ____________, a composer from Cavite, to prepare a composition … played during the independence ceremonies.

Marcha Filipina Magdalo

On June 11, Felipe showed Aguinaldo the draft of his musical composition, entitled _______________.

San Francisco de Malabon

Aguinaldo then requested Felipe to teach the music to the members of the band of _______________.

Marcha Nacional Filipina

Felipe changed the title of the march to ______________ (Philippine National March)

Cavite el Viejo

On June 12, between four and five in the afternoon, Aguinaldo in the presence of a huge crowd, proclaimed the independence of the Philippines at ______________ (Kawit).

Philippine National Flag, Marcela Agoncillo

For the first time, the___________________, made in Hong Kong by Mrs. ___________________, assisted by Lorenza Agoncillo and Delfina Herboza, was officially hoisted…

Act, Ambrosio Rianzares Bautista

The ____ of Declaration of Independence was prepared by ______________________, who also read it.

American

A passage in the Declaration reminds one of another passage in the ___________ Declaration of Independence.

American

The Philippine Declaration was signed by ninety-eight persons, among them an ____________ army officer who witnessed the proclamation.

August 1

The proclamation … was, however, promulgated on ___________ …

Apolinario Mabini

It was immediately before the proclamation of independence that a young man was brought before Aguinaldo as his adviser. He was __________________

Inocencio Mabini, Dionisia Maranan, Talaga, Tanawan, Batangas

Apolinario Mabini was born of very poor parents, ______________ (father) and _________________ (mother), in __________, ___________, ___________. (place)

Simplicio Avelino, Father Valerio Malabanan

Mabini studied in a school in Tanawan, then conducted by a certain _________________. Much later, he transferred to a school conducted by the famous pedagogue, ____________________.

San Juan de Letran, University of Santo Tomas

Mabini continued his studies at _____________________ (place) and at the __________________________ (univ), where he received his law degree in 1894.

priesthood, mother

Mabini’s dream to defend the poor led him to forsake the ____________, which his _________ wanted him to take.

infantile paralysis

Early in 1896, he contracted an illness, probably _____________, that led to the paralysis of his lower limbs.

San Juan de Dios Hospital

The Spanish authorities arrested Mabini but later released him. After his release, he was sent to the ________________________ .(hospital)

La Liga Filipina

Mabini was a member of Rizal’s ____________________ and worked secretly for the introduction of reforms in the administration of the government.

Los Baños

In 1898, while vacationing in ________, Aguinaldo sent for him.

hammock, Kawit

It took one hundred men taking turns at carrying the _______________ he was in to bring Mabini to _________ (place).

Dark Chamber of the President, Brains of the Revolution

Envious enemies called Mabini the “______________________”, but his admirers considered him the “_____________________.”

order, popular

Because Mabini believed in _________, he prepared a decree for Aguinaldo’s signature. Mabini inserted in the decree … “the first duty of the government to interpret faithfully the ________ will”

Decree

Consequently, the __________ of June 18, 1898 provided for the reorganization of local government in those provinces already freed from Spanish control.

electors

(Mabini’s Local Gov’t Decree) Made __________ were those inhabitants who were prominent for their high character and social position.

town chief, headman, police and internal order, justice and civil registry, taxes and property

The electors were to elect the _________, the ________ for each barrio, and three delegates, namely, delegate for _________________, delegate for __________________, and delegate for ___________________.

Popular Assembly

The town chief, headman, and three delegates constituted the ______________.

town chief, headman of the poblacion, justice and civil registry

In the Popular Assembly, the ________ was to act as president, the _________________ as vice-president, and the delegate for _________________ as secretary.

Provincial Council

The provincial chief, the chief of the capital of the province, and the three councilors who were elected among the chiefs of towns, in consultation with their respective popular assemblies, composed the __________________

Revolutionary Congress

The decree also provided for the election of delegates from each province who would constitute the ________________.

Manila, Cavite, first

The proportion of delegates to the Congress was made as follows: City of _________ & province of _________ - three delegates each; province of the ______ class - two delegates each; for the rest of the provides, one delegate each.

Revolutionary Congress

The main function of the ________________ was, according to the decree, “to propose… measures concerning the preservation of internal order and external security of these islands.”

Central Government

In order to secure maximum efficiency in … the holding of elections, the decree provided for the appointment of a commissioner of the _________________ for each province

miitary commanders

The _____________________ who liberated any town from the Spaniards became automatically commissioners “by virtue of their office.”

administration of justice

The _____________________ was outlines in a supplementary decree of June 20, 1898, because of the complex problems connected with the establishment of courts.

Spanish Penal Code

The decree provided that the __________________, when not contrary to the decree of the government, was to remain in force for the time being.

town chief, Provincial Council

In criminal cases, the __________ was automatically the judge of the town. The judge was enjoined… to send the accused and the pertinent papers to the ______________…

Commission of Justice

In criminal cases, the decision of the Provincial Council may be appealed to the ________________ of the Revolutionary Congress.

Popular Assembly

In civil cases, the decisions were made by the ____________. The decision in each case was considered temporary/permanent and may be amended by courts … after the proclamation of the Republic

Dictatorial

The _______________ Government lasted for only a month, from May 24 to June 23, 1898.

Mabini, Mabini

At the instance of ___________, Aguinaldo delivered on June 23 a message, penned by __________, giving his reasons for changing the form of government to a revoluionary one.

President, struggle

The Revolutionary Government changed the title of the chief of state from Dictator to ___________ and defined the object of the government as the “__________ for the independence of the Philippines.”

departments

(Revolutionary Government) To help the President in his duties, four ____________ were created. See p. 211

secretaries

The department ____________ were not responsible for the decrees of the President…

Congress

The decree (Revolutionary Government) also provided for the creation of _________.

Secretary of Finance

The powers of Congress, in the Revolutionary Government, were defined as follows: “To watch over the general interest of the Philippine people … approve the accounts presented annually by the _________________ …”

Baldomero Aguinaldo, Leandro Ibarra, Mariano Trias

On July 15, 1898, Aguinaldo made his first cabinet appointments _________________, Secretary of War and Public Works, _________________, Secretary of the Interior, and _________________, Secretary of Finance.

Cayetano Arellano, Mabini

________________ was offered the secretaryship of foreign affairs, but he declined, feigning illness … Later, __________ accepted the position.

six

On September 28, 1898, Aguinaldo increased the number of departments to _____,

Barasoain, Malolos

In accordance with the decrees of June 18 and 23, Aguinaldo convoked the Revolutionary Congress at __________, _________ (place) see p. 212 for Sept. 4 and Sept. 10 appointments

basilica, Banda Pasig

In the morning of September 15, the __________ of Barasoain was filled with delegates and spectators. Outside the __________ (band) played the National Anthem.

“Viva!”, Tagalog, Spanish

(Malolos Congress, Sept. 15) Cries of ______ reverberated and Aguinaldo acknowledged the applause of the throng. Then he stood up and read his message, first in ______, and then in ________.

Felipe Buencamino

(Malolos Congress, Sept. 15) A round of applause followed Aguinaldo’s speech, which ___________ wrote.

Pedro A. Paterno (President), Benito Legarda (Vice-President), Gregorio Araneta (first Secretary), Pablo Ocampo (second Secretary)

(Malolos Congress) Enumerate the officers and their positions. p. 212

Permanent Commission of Justice

In the Congress meeting of Sept. 17, the delegates created the ______________________ as provided for in the decree of June 23.

ratification, Kawit

The first significant act of the Congress was the ____________, on Sept. 29, of the independence proclaimed at _______ on June 12.

Aguinaldo’s office and official residence were located at the ________ of the ______________________ in Malolos, where Congress was holding its sessions

Monroe, Filipinos

Aguinaldo, after congratulating Paterno … partly said in Tagalog: “ now we witness … famous President _________ said to the effect that the United States was for the Americans; now I say that the Philippines is for the ____________.

Mabini

(Malolos Constitution) In preparing the decree of June 18 and that of June 23, ________ envisioned the Congress to be an advisory body of the President.

Constitutional Plan of the Philippine Republic

(Malolos Constitution) Nevertheless, Mabini submitted his __________________________, but Congress, for the second time, overruled him.

Felipe G. Calderon

A committee to draft the constitution was created, with _______________ as its most prominent member.

Paterno, Spanish Constitution

Having set Mabini’s Constitutional Program aside, the committee, under the influence of Calderon, also set aside _________’s constitutional plan, which smelled strongly of the _________________ of 1869.

Cayetano Arellano, Mexico

With the advice of ________________, a brilliant but unreconstructed mestizo, Calderon drew up his plans for a constitution, deriving inspiration from the constitutions of ____________, Belgium, Guatemala, …

Calderon, Printed copies, discussions

On October 8,_________ presented the draft of his constitution. _____________ were made on October 21 and _____________ began on October 25.

Catholicism

The most tumultuous discussion occured when the provision making _____________ the religion of the State came up for consideration.

separation, Pablo Tecson

After much heated debates on the subject, the Congress voted on it. The result was a tie. The second voting resulted in the victory of the ____________ of the Church and the State, by one vote - that of ___________. (This was Article 5)

Malolos Constitution

On January 21, 1899, Aguinaldo promulgated what is now known as the _________________.

anti-clerical

The discussions on the separation of the Church and State whowed that the Filipinos as a people were not anti-Catholic, but ___________

Malolos Constitution, American

The _________________ is the first important Filipino document ever produced by the people’s representatives. It is anchored in democratic traditions that ultimately had their roots on ________ soil.

popular, representative, responsible, executive, legislative, judicial

The Malolos Constitution created a Filipino State whose government was “_________, ____________, and _________” with three distinct branches — the ___________, the ___________, and the ____________

Assembly of Representatives

(Malolos Constitution) The legislative powers were exercised by the ___________________ composed of delegates elected according to law.

Permanent Commission

To make the function of Congress continuous, the document provided for a ________________ which would sit as a law-making body when Congress was not in session.

Cabinet, Assembly

The ____________, composed of Secretaries of the different Departments of the government, was responsible not to the President, but to the __________.

Supreme Court

The administration of justice was vested in the ______________ and in inferior courts…

Chief Justice

The ____________ of the Supreme Court was to be elected by the Assembly with the concurrence of the President and the Cabinet.

oligarchy of ignoramuses

By this method (Permanent Commission in legislative), the executive could not usurp the powers that could make him powerful enough to institute an "____________________’

Dark Ages, Reason

The Constitution… symbolized the ideals of a people who had emerged from the _____________ into the light of _________

See p. 216

On January 21, 1899, Aguinaldo finally promulgated the Constitution. Earlier on January 2, Aguinaldo formed his Cabinet (name and position):

Council of Government, no party

The __________________, or the Cabinet, according to Mabini, “belongs to _________, nor does it desire to form one; it stands for nothing save the interests of the fatherland.”

Philippine Republic, pardon

On January 23, 1899, the _________________ was inaugurated at Malolos in colorful ceremonies… To make the event more memorable, Aguinaldo issued a decree granting ________ to all Spanish prisoners of war ….

El Heraldo de la Revolución

The Revolutionary Government founded its official organ, _________________________, whose first number came out on September 29, 1898.

Heraldo Filipino, Indice Oficial, Graceta de Filipinas

El Heraldo de la Revolución was changed to ______________, then to ________________, and finally, to ________________, whose last number came out on October 14, 1899.

La Independencia

Privately-owned newspapers took up the cause of the Filipinos … Most famous of these periodicals was _________________.

Antonio Luna

La Independencia was edited and partly owned by General _______________. Its first number came out on September 3, 1898.

Cecilio Apostol (Catullo), Rafael Palma (Dapit Hapon), Fernando Ma. Guerrero (Fulvio Gil), Epifanio de los Santos (G. Solon), Jose G. Abreu (Kaibigan), Mariano V. del Rosario (Tito-Tato), Salvador V. del Rosario (Juan Tagalo), etc. See p. 217.

Filipino writers and their Pen names in La Independencia:

La República Filipina, La Libertad, Ang Kaibigan nang Bayan, Columnas Volantes, La Federación, La Revolucion, Patria, La Oportunidad…

Other nationalistic newspapers: _________________, founded in Mandaluyong by Pedro A. Paterno whose 1st number came out on September 15, 1898. Name the others mentioned by Agoncillo. See p. 218

Secretary of the Interior

On August 29, 1898, the _____________ ordered the provincial governors to re-establish the schools that had been abandoned before.

Burgos Institute

On October 24, a decree was issued outlining the curriculum of the _______________.

Literary University of the Philippines

HIgher education was provided for when, in a decree of October 19, 1898, Aguinaldo created the _________________________.