Studied by 1 person
cross-sectional research
follows people of different ages to see how different variables change over life span
Longitudinal research
takes place over long periods of time, examining same group
Tetrogens
chemicals or agents that can cause harm in ingested or contracted by mother
Fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS)
children will have small, malformed skulls and intellectual disabilities
fetal alcohol effect
may have developmental problems such as learning disabilities or behavioral problems
Rooting reflex
baby will turn head to side where they felt the touch and try to seek an object to put in mouth
sucking reflex
baby will suck object that was placed in mouth
grasping reflex
baby will try to grasp object in hands
moro reflex
if startled baby will fling out limbs then retract to make themselves small
Babinski reflex
when foot is stroked baby will spread toes
Konrad Lorenz
infants become attached on individuals or objects during critical period after birth
Harry Harlow and Mary Ainsworth
studied attachment and relationships between caregiver and child which affects development
Mary - strange situation
Authoritarian parents
strict, demanding, punishment is used more than reinforcement
Permissive parents
no clear guidelines for kids, rules are constantly changed or reinforced
Authoritative parents
set, consistent standards, reasonable, encourage independence
Lev Vygrotsky
zone of proximal development
range of tasks a child can do independently and these tasks a child may need help on
cam help answer continuity vs. discontinuity
psychosocial stage theory
Erik Erikson
trust v. mistrust
autonomy v. shame and doubt
initiative v. guilt
industry v. inferiority
identity v. role confusion
intimacy v. isolation
generativity v. stagnation
integrity v. despair
Jean Piaget
schema - concept that organizes situations and events
assimilation - interpreting our new experience in terms of our existing schemas
accommodation - adapting current understanding to incorporate new info
sensorimotor stage (birth-2)
object permanence - babies ability to realize object still exists even when out of sensory range
preoperational stage (2-7)
language starts to represent the world
egocentric - no other perspective but their own
concrete operation (8-12)
learn to think more logically
concepts of conservation - realization that properties of object remain the same even though shape has changed
formal operation (12-adulthood)
hypothesis testing - can form a hypothesis, not difficult
abstract reasoning
Information-processing model
points out our abilities to memorize, interpret, perceive
gradually develop as we age no set stage
Lawrence Kohlberg
morality
preconventional - moral is based on punishment, moral reasoning is limited
conventional - moral is based on how others will view them (hero, villain)
postconventional - based on own ethics and morals
gender and development
on average female brains have larger corpus callosums, may affect right and left hemispheres communicate and coordinate tasks
Freud’s psychosexual stages
oral stage (birth to 1.5)
anal stage (1.5 - 3)
phallic stage (3-6)
latency stage (6-puberty)
genital stage (puberty and older)
gender schema
social-cognitive theory
explains that we internalize messages about gender into cognitive rules about how each gender should behave
Note 
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