Dumb Ways to Die

Functionalism

School that emphasizes individual differences, evolutionary theory, and practicality

What did structuralism studied that functionalism is against?

oppossed to search for elements of conciousnesss

Did functionalism considered psychology a pure science?

No, they considered psychology practical

What did functionalism believe regarding adaptation?

Belief and interest in mental processes having functions that enable adaptation

To what aspects did functionalism help broaden psychology?

to include research on animals, children, and ‘abnormal’ humans using a variety of methods

What is functionalism ancestor of?

Behaviorism

• Focusing on the behaviors and mental processes

Functionalism and motivation

Interest in motivation

Does functionalism prefer differences or similarities?

Differences

Who did William James influenced?

All functionalists

Who is the father of American Psychology?

William James

James Willian and foundation of functionalism

He is often credited for the foundation of functionalism

According to ——- psychology had to be——- and——-

William James,

scientific; philosophical

What is pragmatism (principle of psychology)

A philosophical school established by James

What does pragmatism mean?

: if an idea works, it is valid

Individual differences (principle of psychology)

Entertained ideas related to religions, mysticism, psychic phenomena\

•A critical evaluation of Wundt’ spsychology

William James and stream of consiousness

• Personal

• Continuous

• Constantly changing

• Selective

• Functional

What does personal mean for the stream of conciousness?

depends on experience

What does continous mean for the stream of conciousness?

(cannot be divided up for analysis)

What does constantly changing mean for the stream of conciousness?

flows’ like a stream

What does selective mean for the stream of conciousness?

Voluntary

What does functional mean for the stream of conciousness?

Purposeful and adaptive

What are habits?

: instinct-like patterns of behaviour we develop through repetition in our neural pathways

Why are habits functional?

because they simplify movements, increase accuracy, reduce fatigue, free up attention

What is the self according to Wiliam James?

also known as the empirifcal self, it is everything that a person can call their own. It is composed by 3 parts.

What is the material self?

the ‘extension’ of the self into the body, clothes, and possessions

Example for material self

cars and cell phones

What is social self?

the self known by others

Example of social self

, the part of the self related to group membership

What is the spirital self?

: a person’s states of consciousness; experience of subjective reality

What does the spiritual world include?

Includes morality • Includes emotions, personality traits, attitudes, and beliefs

How known is the empirical self?

partly known and partly knower, partly object and partly subject

What is the self, the observer or the knower

Both

What is the Me?

: a person’s constructed sense of self

What is the I?

: the observer or the seat of awareness and consciousness

What is evolution?

the process by which the heritable traits of a species change over time

Is evolution driven by natural selection?

yes,

What is natural selection?

process by which species come to possess traits because these traits enable them to effectively adapt to their environment

What is the purpose of natural selection?

to survive and reproduce

Early evolutionists recognize 1

Species change and progress towards a ‘higher’ form

Early evolutionist recognize 2

Characteristics are inherited

Early evolutionist recognize 3

Species evolve through a struggle to survive

Early evolutionist recognize 4

• Species evolve from a common ancestor

Early evolutionist recognize 5

Characteristics serve a purpose

Jean-Baptiste Lamarck

Is considered a ‘Philosophie Zoologique

what does ‘Philosophie Zoologique mean

• Fossil evidence shows that species change over time

• Change is due to environmental changes

Inheritance of acquired characteristics

e.g., scarcity of prey causes more muscle development, which is then passed down

who Applied evolution to the human mind and society

Herbert Spencer

Example of how Spencer applied evolution to humanity

complexity of the nervous system allows us to make more complex associations (answer)

example of complexity of the nervous system making more complex associations

through having a more ‘accurate’ perceptual representation of our environment

Who introduced the term ‘intelligence’ into modern psychology

Herbert Spencer

Example of the Spencer-Bain principle

we learn associations in order to engage in behaviours that encourage our survival

What did Spencer think of instincts *characteristic

• Believed that ‘instincts’ are habits/associations inherited from ancestors

Herbert Spencer’s school of thought *characteristic

Social Darwinism (answer)

What did Spencer thought about the goal of perfection through social darwinism?

Spencer believed that humans and societies are progressing towards a goal of ‘perfection’

What did Spencer thought about the governments through the social darwinism?

Believed that governments should encourage free competition among citizens, rather than help the ‘weak’ and ‘poor’

What is the Spencer-Bain principle

frequency of behaviour increases if followed by a pleasurable event and decreases if followed by a painful event

What did Charles Darwin see in the Voyage of the Beagle?

observed that species on the Galapagos Islands differed somewhat from island to island

Example of the differences Charles Darwin saw in the Galapagos

finches and their beaks

On which 2 books did Darwin wrote about his discoveries?

• On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection

• The Descent of Man

Darwins theory of evolution

Through a struggle for survival, traits that enable fitness – the ability to survive and reproduce – are naturally selected

Darwin thinking of natural variation

There is natural variation in individual traits

Regarding fitness, what did Darwin thought that happened with our traits?

, certain traits are adaptive features because they enable an organism to survive and reproduce

Did Darwin thought that evolution was perfection?

No, for him evolution just happened

How long did darwin though evolution lasted?

Millions of years

Did humans used to be monkeys?

According to Darwin,humans and the great apes descended from a common ancestor

What are human emotions according to Darwin?

—- are remnants once necessary for survival

Emotions

—- are culturally universal

expressed and interpreted universally in the same ways (inside out)

fear, disgust, sadness, joy, surprise, anger

Darwins influence

Sparked interest in functionalism, behaviourism, developmental psychology, and individual differences in intelligence and personality, etc.

What is sociobiology?

The study of how natural selection shapes social behaviour

Who is Edward Wilson?

proponent of sociobiology with his book Sociobiology: The new Synthesis’

What is sociobiology now called?

evolutionary psychology

What is success in sociobiology?

perpetuating one’s genes rather than emphasizing success in reproducing

What did Francis Galton do for genetics?

Coined the term ‘eugenics’: beliefs and practices aimed at improving the genetics of a human population

What did Francis Galton developed for statistics?

Developed the concept of ‘correlation’

What did Francis Galton do for participants?

• First to administer a questionnaire in psychology (

What did Francis Galton do for nature-nurture?

• Among the first to study twins

What did he discover among twins?

found that identical twins were much more similar than fraternal twins, even when reared apart

How did Galton developed correlation?

study on peas, height, eminence

very tall parents tend to have more moderately tall children

What did James McKeen Cattell do for psychology in the US?

Opened the first undergraduate psychology lab in the U.S

What did James Cattell do for mental tests?

The first to use the term ‘mental test’ in a publication

What was James Cattel interested in?

Individual differences

What were the mental tests Cattel do for columbia University about?

measuring

• sensory acuity

• reaction time

• grip-strength

• ability to discriminate weight

• ability to remember a series of letters

What did Cattels graduate student discover?

• Correlations between the tests were very low AKA No reliability

• Correlations between some tests and university success were nearly zero AKA no validity

What did Alfred Binet do for testing?

IQ Tests AKA Binet-Simon scale of intelligence’

What did Binet do differently than Cattel and Galton

emphasized developmental differences and tested cognitive abilities directly

• memory, attention, visual space, comprehension, moral judgment

What did Binet developed for children?

5 test developed to distinguish children with mental deficiencies

What were considered mental deficiencies according to Binet?

blind or deaf children were previously being falsely classified as having mental deficiencies

What did Binet reported in The Experimental Study of Intelligence

tested, observed, and reported on his daughters’ intellectual development

What did Binets scale showed?

that intelligence is a collection of abilities that develop with age and can be improved

How did Binet used his scale to determine the intelligence of kids?

8 test was standardized to determine levels of intelligence among normal children

• If 75% of ‘normal children’ of a certain age could pass a test, the test was assigned to that age group

What did Henry Herbert Goddard do for Binet?

Translated the Binet-Simon scale into English

What was Goddard experiment regarding the Kallikak family?

A study in the heredity of feeble-mindedness

Having kids with someone who is not worthy is what is wrong with society

Coined the term “moron”

What did Goddart do for eugenics?

served as support for eugenics

20 states passed sterilization laws; thousands were sterilized until the 1970s

What did Lewis Terman do for the standfor binet-scale?

Further standardized/adjusted the Binet-Simon test until average for each age group was 100

What did Lewis Terman do for the genius kids?

Longitudinal study to demonstrate that gifted children are not ‘freaks’ (i.e., ‘early ripe, early rot’)

Is IQ inherited according to Terman?

According to ———, IQ is inherited.

• all feeble-minded persons are at least potential criminals.

• every feebleminded woman is a potential prostitute

Cultural Bias: US vs Canada

Canadian norms are higher than the US

Lower vs Middle class

IQ scores increase when children move from lower-class to middle-class homes

Aboriginal Vs white (language barrier)

Aboriginal children in Canada whose first language was not English had below average verbal scores and average or above average nonverbal scores