Anatomy Lecture Exam 1

Superior direction

Towards the head

Inferior

Towards your feet

Medial

Towards midline

Lateral

Away from midline

Proximal

Towards trunk

Distal

Away from trunk

Superficial

Towards outer layer of skin

Deep

Innermost layer of body

Axial skeleton

Trunk and head of body skeleton

Abdominal Quadrants

Right/left upper quadrant (RUQ)

Right/left lower quadrant (RLQ)

Dorsal surface

Top of hand and foot

Plantar surface

Bottom of hand and foot

Epithelial Tissue

Layer of cells that cover body surfaces (Skin)

Connective tissue

Fill internal spaces and provide support for other tissues

Muscle tissue

Contract to produce movement of skeletal or organ walls

Nervous tissue

Specialized for conduction of nervous impulses

Simple Squamous

Exchange for gas. Located in alveoli of lungs, lining of heart

Simple Cuboidal

Good for secretion and absorption. Located Kidney tubules, surface of ovaries

Simple Columnar

Some have cilia. Located stomach, small/large intestines (unciliated) Uterine tubes (ciliated)

Stratified squamous

Protects against abrasion. Located of surface of skin (keratinized) mouth, esophagus, vagina (non-keratinized)

Stratified Cuboidal

Protection and secretion. Located in ducts of sweat glands and exocrine glands

Stratified columnar

Protection and excretion. Located in portion of male urethra

Connective tissue- Elastic

Stretch or return to original

Connective tissue-Reticular

Support (Mesh)

Properties of Connective tissue

Cells, Protein fibers, Ground substance

Areolar Connective tissue

Loose connective tissue. Located in dermis and fibers separated by ground substance

Adipose Connective tissue

Predominantly fat cells. Located around some organs

Reticular Connective tissue

Support and predominantly reticular cells and fibers. Located in stroma of spleen, lymph nodes, bone marrow

Regular dense connective tissue

Fibers alligned. Located in tendons and ligaments

Irregular dense connective tissue

Fibers run in different planes. Located in dermis

Elastic dense connective tissue

Elastic fibers than collagen fibers. Located in elastic arteries, vocal cords

Job of heart

pump blood to every part of body

Pulmonary Circulation

Circuit through the lungs where blood is oxygenated

Systemic Circulation

Circuit through rest of the body to provide oxygenated blood

Pericardium

Fluid enclosing the heart

Blood through the heart

Blood enters through 2 atria and exits through ventricles. Deoxy enters right atrium through vena cava. Right side of heart pumps to pulmonary veins around lungs

Cardiac wall- Edpicardium

Outer layer, visceral layer of serous pericardium

Cardiac wall- Myocardium

Cardiac muscle layer contracts

Cardiac wall- Endocardium

Inner lining of heart. Simple squamous epithelium

Right atrium

Receives deoxygenated blood from body and heart

Right ventricle

Pushes deoxy blood to lungs

Left Atrium

Receives oxy blood from lungs

Left Ventricle

Pushes oxygenated blood to the body

Vena Cava

Deoxy blood from body to right atrium

Pulmonary trunk

Deoxy blood from right ventricle

Aorta

Oxy blood from left ventricle

Pulmonary Veins

Oxygenated blood from lungs to left atrium. There are 4

Tricuspid Valve( or right AV valve)

Valve between right atrium and ventricle

Chordae Tendineae

Connects tricuspid valve to papillary muscles. Prevent valve cusps from averting into atrium

Papillary muscle

Helps open and close the valves

mitral valve(bicuspid valve or left atrioventricular valve)

Valve between left atrium and ventricle

aortic semilunar valve

Valve between left ventricle and aorta

pulmonary semilunar valve

Valve between right ventricle and pulmonary trunk

Systole

"lub" sound" heard at the beginning of atrial systole which forces the blood to leave the atria's and go into the ventricles

Ventricular systole is when the ventricles contract and force the blood into the lungs

Cardiac cycle when ventricles contract

diastole

Cardiac cycle when heart refills with blood following systole

makes the "dub" sound at the beginning

SA Node

Acts as natural pacemaker of the heart

Cardiac cycle

Atrial systole-Ventricle systole- Diastole

Atrioventricular valves are

Mitral and tricuspid valve

Semilunar Valves

Valves just before blood leaves the Left/right ventricle into the aorta and pulmonary arteries

Blood vessels- Tunica intima

Endothelial cells

most inner part of a vessel

Blood vessels- Tunica media

Smooth muscle

middle part of a vessel

Blood vessels- Tunica externa

Connective tissue

most outer part of a vessel

Artery Type- Elastic

Large near heart

Artery Type- Muscular

Middle sized supply organs

Artery type- arterioles

Connect to capillaries (small)

Capillaries function

Smallest vessel. Bring oxygen to surrounding tissues and pick up gas/waste

1 cell thick

Anastomoses

Provide alternate pathway for circulation. Found around joints (elbow) and gastrointestinal circulation

Lymphatic system Function

Returns excess fluid to bloodstream. Transport dietary lipids. Generates immune response

Lymph components

Excess interstitial fluid, solutes, foreign material

Lymph capillaries function

Thin walled vessels which drain extra-cellular fluid

Chyle Cistern

Diliated sac at lower end of thoracic duct which lymph flows

Lymph node functions

Removes pathogens from lymph

Location of lymph nodes

neck (cervical), armpits (axillary), groin (inguinal)

Thymus (Lymph)

T cells mature here

Spleen (Lymph)

Secondary organ because it houses mature cells only. Destroys old blood cells and pathogens

External respiration

Gas exchange between atmosphere and blood

Internal respiration

Gas exchange between blood and cells of body

Respiratory function

Sound production, smell, and defense

Nasal septum

Midline of the nose

Floor of nasal cavity formed by

Hard/soft palate

Nasal cavity function

Incoming air is filtered, warmed, and humidified

What tissue makes up nose

Cartilage

Job of capillary networks in Nose

To warm air

Nasal Conchae function

Support the olfactory mucus and increase surface area

there are three of them superior, middle, and inferior

Pharynx order (superior to inferior)

Nasopharynx- oropharynx- laryngopharynx

Uvula

Flesh extension to the back of the soft palate

Function of larynx

Houses vocal folds

Epiglottis

Flap above vocal cords

Glottis

Opening of the vocal cords

Vocal cords

epiglottis folds over it and glottis is the opening of it

Esophagus

Food goes down this tube into stomach

Trachea

Air goes down this pipe towards the lungs. Has cartilage rings

Bronchial tree

Branching system of bronchi and bronchioles conducting air

Which cavity houses the lungs

Thoracic cavity

Cardiac notch

Lateral deflection of the border of the left lung to make up for heart space

Peritoneum

Serous membrane lining the abdominal cavity

Intraperitoneal

Inside peritoneal cavity. Includes somtach, liver, ileum, jejunum

Retroperitoneal

Behind peritoneal cavity. Includes pancreas, duodenum, ascending/descending colon

Peristalsis

Waves of smooth muscle contraction in gut tube

Peristalsis voluntary or involuntary

Involuntary because it happens without conscious control