AVS Exam 2 Study Guide

Describe the endocrine pathway of the female reproductive cycle from the hypothalamus to the point of pregnancy being maintained

what is the function of the luteinizing hormone in males

causes the endocrine cells to produce testosterone

what is the function of follicle stimulating hormone in males

causes the production of sperm cells

what is the function of oxytocin(related to birthing)

causes muscle movement, induces uterine contractions, and causes milk let-down

what is the function of prostaglandin

causes luteolysis

what is luteolysis

breakdown of the corpus lute

what is homozygous

the same gene, aa, AA

what is heterozygous

different genes, Aa, Bb

what are the four nitrogenous bases found in DNA

adenine, thymin, guanine, and cytosine

what carbohydrate and mineral are found in DNA

carbohydrate is sugar and mineral is phosphate

what makes RNA different from DNA

RNA is formed from the transcription of DNA and is complementary, DNA contains the sugar deoxyribose while RNA contains the sugar ribose

what are the three essential fatty acids

linoleic, linolenic, and arachidonic

what are the three common monosaccharides

glucose, fructose, and galactose

what are the the three common disaccharides

sucrose, lactose, and maltose

what is the molecular makeup of monosaccharides

includes carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen

what combination makes sucrose

glucose and fructose

what combination makes maltose

glucose and glucose

what combination makes lactose

glucose and galactose

what are the benefits of crude fiber in the diet

prevents compaction (laxative effect) and helps prevent bloat(ruminant) and colic in horses

what are proteins built from

amino acids using a peptide bond

what are the functions of proteins

repairing body tissue, growth, enzymes, metabolism(deamination) for energy, antibodies that fight infection, and hormones

what makes a fatty acid unsaturated

if it has double bonds

how much more energy do fats have than carbohydrates

2.25x

how many calories are fats and carbohydrates

fats=9 cals., carbohydrates=4 cals.

what are the major differences between fat soluble and water-soluble vitamins

fat soluble vitamins are stored in the liver, while water soluble vitamins are not stored and water-soluble vitamins dissolve in water while fat soluble vitamins dissolve in lipids

what is the function of vitamin A

vision, bone development, and reproduction

what are the deficiency signs of vitamin A

blindness and reproduction disorders

what are the functions of vitamin d

aid in calcium absorption, calcium storage, and serum calcium regulation

what are the deficiency signs of vitamin d

rickets and osteoporosis

what are the functions of vitamin e

antioxidant, maintain integrity of cell membranes, maintenance of heart function, and protects skin from, scar tissue, and inflammation

what are the deficiency signs of vitamin e

muscular dystrophy and heart, liver, or muscle necrosis

what are the deficiency signs of vitamin k

coagulation of blood and contributes to bone and teeth development

what are the deficiency signs of vitamin k

excessive bleeding

what are the functions of vitamin c

antioxidant, formation of collagen to hold cells together, improves iron absorption and resistance to infection, and benefits of high doses to immune system(debatable)

what are the deficiency signs of vitamin c

scurvy, tiredness, muscle weakness, joint and muscle aches, rash on legs, and bleeding gums

what are the functions of vitamin b12

healthy skin and muscle tone, enhance immune and nervous system, promote cell metabolism and growth, and blood cell formation/maturation

what are the deficiency signs of vitamin b12

pernicious anemia, nervous system disruption, and heart disease

what are the fat soluble vitamins

a, d, e, k

what are the water soluble vitamins

b vitamins and vitamin c

what are the macro minerals

calcium, phosphorus, sodium, sulfur, magnesium, potassium

what are the functions of calcium

bone structure, nerve function, blood clotting, and muscle contraction

what are the deficiency signs of calcium

rickets, osteomalacia(osteoporosis), and milk fever

what are the functions of phosphorus

structure and functional roles in the body, bone development/ Ca2+ storage, protein synthesis, energy metabolism, and blood pH

what are the deficiency signs of phosphorus

rickets, osteomalacia, pica (depraved appetite), low fertility, and low milk production

what are the functions of sodium

acid-base and osmotic balance of body fluids, nerve conduction, and major cation of cellular fluid

what are the deficiency signs of sodium

dehydration, uncoordinated, arrhythmia of heart

what are the functions of sulfur

involved in enzyme reactions and protein synthesis, necessary for formation of collagen, component of amino acids, methionine, and cysteine

what are the deficiency signs of sulfur

related to protein deficiency and hair loss

what are the functions of magnesium

associated with Ca and P, energy metabolism, and involved in enzyme activities

what are the deficiency signs of magnesium

grass tetany (low uptake of Mg & diluted Mg in vegetation)

what are the functions of potassium

acid-base osmotic regulation (maintains fluid balance), nerve and muscle function, and co-factor in several reactions involving carbohydrate metabolism

what are the deficiency signs of potassium

stunted growth, muscular weakness, and nervous disorders , in overfeeding potassium can cause decreased released of stored Ca in transition cows(milk fever), decreases absorption of Mg(grass tetany), and can contribute to retained placenta and mastitis

what are the micro minerals

iron, copper, selenium, iodine

what are the functions of iron

oxygen transport via hemoglobin, immune system function (helps white blood cells fight bacteria), and cellular energy metabolism

what are the deficiency signs of iron

anemia, fatigue, skin & mucosal changes, abnormal behavior, irregular temp

what are the functions of copper

energy metabolism, iron metabolism, and bone strength

what are the deficiency signs of copper

neuro degeneration in animals and humans and decreased wool/hair growth

what are the functions of selenium

protect cells from damage by free radicals, important antioxidant function (w/vit. E), narrow range between deficiency and toxicity

what are the deficiency signs of selenium

white muscle disease, loss of vitality, lameness, increased mortality, most common in lambs and calves, and poor growth

what are the functions of iodine

aids in production of thyroid hormones (regulation of metabolic rate & body temp., reproduction & growth) and necessary for healthy hair and teeth

what are the deficiency signs of iodine

goiter(enlarged thyroid gland, less severe) and cretinism(in infants, stunted growth, deaf, mute, and mentally impaired, more severe)

what are the three parts of the small intestine

the duodenum, jejunum, and the ileum

what is the function of the duodenum

digestion via the pancreatic and liver secretions

what is the function of the jejunum

largest portion and is a major site for absorption

what is the function of the ileum

site for absorption and connects to the large intestine

how to find the percentage of feed in the total mixed ration

divide the feeds lbs by the total lbs

what are the three digestive processes

mechanical/physical, chemical, and enzymatic

what is an example of a mechanical/physical digestive process

chewing

what is an example of a chemical digestive process

hydrochloric acid denatures proteins

what is an example of a enzymatic digestive process

enzymes catalyze chemical reactions

what are the three specialized parts of the birds digestive system

crop, proventriculus, gizzard

what is the function of the crop

feed softening and storage

what is the function of the proventriculus

glandular stomach and secretes acid and
enzymes where digestion begins

what is the function of the gizzard

grinding of food aided by grit

why is the gizzard important

gizzard is important because birds don’t have teeth

what are the four parts of the ruminate stomach and their function

rumen is the fermentation vat(80%), here microbe synthesize amino acids, B vitamins, microbes become food, and 60-90% of digestion occurs here. The reticulum is where a lot of the mixing takes place, it is the pacemaker for rumen contractions. The omasum absorbs water, electrolytes and some volatile fatty acids. The abomasum is the true stomach and is the holding/storage of food

what is the purpose of the folds in the small intestine

keep the digested food moving through your intestine

what is the purpose of the villi in the small intestine

allow for nutrient absorption

what is the purpose of the microvilli in the small intestine

increases surface area for nutrient digestion

what volatile fatty acids does the ceca and bacteria produce in the rumen

acetate, propionate, and butyrate

what are the three traditional roles of the stomach

acid secretion, enzyme production, food storage

what are the two brush border enzymes used to digest carbohydrates

where is bile produced and what is its purpose

bile is produced in the liver and its primary purpose is to emulsify lipids

what is allometry

relationship of growth of part of an organism to growth of whole organism

what is differentiation

process of acquiring characteristics distinct from progenitor cell or tissue

what is atrophy

decrease in cell, tissue, organ or part

what is the difference between hypertrophy and hyperplasia

hypertrophy is the increase in cell size due to accretion of cell products while hyperplasia is increase in cell numbers

what are two growth promoting steroid hormones used in beef production

what is a beta-agonist hormone used in beef and pork production

paylean(ractopamine)

identify three primary functions of the secretory cells found in the alveoli of the mammary gland

to absorb nutrients from the blood stream, transform nutrients into milk lactose, fat, and protein, and to transport milk into lumen of alveoli

what are the primary carbohydrates found in milk

glucose and galactose

what is the primary protein found in milk

casein

what is the role of calcium in milk

secretory cells offset negative charges by combining protein with calcium from the blood stream.

what is the role of phosphorus in milk

major role in the metabolic reactions and energy transfer

what is mastitis

inflammation of the mammary gland caused by bacterial infection

how does mastitis limit probability

what are four factors that affect lactation production of a dairy cow

food and nutrition, environmental temperature, disease, estrus decreases yield, and frequency of milking

what is the term for heat treatment of milk products

pasteurization

what is the primary organism that is trying to be killed in pasteurization

pathogens

what is HTST

High Temperature Short Time pasteurization technique, 161 degrees Fahrenheit for 15 seconds