Studied by 11 people
Arteries
Carry blood away from the heart
Capillaries
Allow diffusion between the blood and surrounding tissues
Veins
Carry blood toward the heart
Elastic Arteries
Large vessels designed to transport large volumes of blood to major regions of the body.
Muscular Arteries
Distribute blood throughout the muscles and organs
Arterioles
Smallest of all the arteries, regulates the amount of blood that flows to a particular set of capillaries
Continuous capillaries
Most abundant in the skin and muscles.
Most common type
The endothelial cells of these capillaries form a continuous lining
Intercellular clefts
Gaps in the endothelial cells of continuous capillaries
Fenestrations
Pores within endothelial cells
Blood flow
Movement of blood through a vessel, tissue, or organ
Blood pressure
Force exerted by blood upon the walls of the blood vessels/ heart chambers.
Systemic arterial blood pressure
Pressure of blood flowing in the arteries of the systemic circulation
What is the systemic arterial blood pressure measured in?
mmHg, obtained from brachial artery
Systolic pressure
Reflects the arterial pressure from blood ejection during ventricular contraction/systole.
The higher value
What is the normal systolic pressure of your heart?
Usually around 120mmHg
Diastolic pressure
The arterial pressure of blood during ventricular relaxation/diastole
The lower value
What is the normal diastolic pressure of your heart?
Usually around 80mmHg
Pulse pressure
The difference between the systolic and diastolic pressure
Usually at least 25% of the systolic pressure
What are the six variables that influence blood flow and blood pressure?
Cardiac Output
Blood viscosity
Vessel Length
Vessel Diameter
Compliance
Blood Volume
Cardiac Output(CO)
measurement of the amount of blood flowing through the heart
What is CO measured in?
Liters per minute
An increase in CO results in which of the following:
An increase in blood flow
OR
A decrease in blood flow
An increase in blood flow
Blood viscosity
thickness of blood that affects their ability to flow
Increased viscosity causes:
Increased flow and decreased resistance
OR
Increased resistance and decreased flow
Increased resistance and decrease flow
Increased vessel length results in which of the following:
Increased resistance
OR
Decreased resistance
Increased resistance
Increased vessel diameter results in which of the following:
Increased resistance
OR
Decreased resistance
Decreased resistance
Compliance
The ability of any compartment to expand to accommodate increased content
Blood volume
the amount of blood circulating within an individual
Perfusion
Blood flow through tissues
Total cross sectional area
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True or false:
the pressure gradient pushing blood from the capillaries, through the veins, to the heart is much bigger than the pressure gradient pushing blood from the heart, through the arteries, to the capillaries.
False, they are much smaller
What are the two mechanisms that work with valves in the veins to maintain venous blood flow to the heart?
The skeletal muscle pump and the respiratory pump
True or False:
When skeletal muscles contract, they squeeze the veins and raise the pressure of the blood within them.
True
When an individual is at rest do they need a higher or lower rate venous return?
Lower, higher rate when active
Increase in pressure of the thoracic cavity does what?
It helps to push blood into the heart, and valves prevent blood from flowing back into the abdomen.
Where does exchange between the blood and tissues occur?
At the capillaries
Bulk flow
The movement of fluid through gaps or fenestrations in the capillaries
Fluid moves from ____ pressure to ____ pressure.
High to low
Hydrostatic pressure
The pressure on a fluid resulting from some force
Colloid osmotic pressure
created by the presence of large molecules that cannot diffuse across the capillary wall.
Net Filtration Pressure (NFP)
the sum of the effects of filtration and reabsorption.
Vasomotor center
Sends signals to smooth muscle cells in arterioles throughout the body
Does the vasomotor center increase or decrease TPR?
The vasomotor center increases TPR
Baroreceptors
Monitors the degree to which blood vessels are stretched
Function of ADH
promotes retention of water and a reduction in urine production by the kidneys
Atrial Natriuretic Hormone
Stimulates vasodilation and increases urine output.
Brings BP down
Capilary
Where material exchange occurs
How does material exchange occur in capillaries?
Through diffusion
What is the NFP equation?
NFP= (HPb-HPif)-(COPb-COPif)
Filtration
movement of fluid out of the blood
At which end does filtration occur?
The arterial or venous end
The arterial end
Reabsorption
Movement of fluid into the blood
At which end does reabsorption occur?
The arterial or venous end
The venous end
Is hydrostatic pressure higher or lower than the osmotic pressure in the venous end?
Lower
What pathway do the nutrients and hormones take after leaving the blood during diffusion?
Blood→ interstitial fluid→ tissue cells
What happens to the remaining fluid that is not absorbed at the venous end?
The lymphatic system absorbs this fluid and returns it to the bloodstream.
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