Chapter 20 A& P 2

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19 Terms

1

Heart

A four-chambered muscular organ responsible for pumping blood through the body's blood vessels.

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2

Pericardium

The sac that encases the heart, providing structural support and protection.

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3

Pulmonary circulation

The movement of blood from the right side of the heart to the lungs and back to the left side.

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4

Systemic circulation

The movement of blood from the left side of the heart to the body tissues and back to the right side.

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5

Epicardium

The outer layer of the heart wall, also known as the visceral pericardium.

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6

Myocardium

The middle layer of the heart wall, made up of cardiac muscle responsible for contraction.

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7

Endocardium

The smooth inner surface of the heart chambers.

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8

Atrioventricular valve (AV valve)

Valves located between the atria and ventricles of the heart, allowing blood flow from atria to ventricles.

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9

Semilunar valve

Valves located between the ventricles and the arteries, preventing backflow into the ventricles.

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10

SA node (Sinoatrial node)

The natural pacemaker of the heart that initiates action potentials for heart contractions.

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11

Action potential

An electrical impulse that triggers muscle contractions in the heart.

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12

Cardiac output (CO)

The amount of blood pumped by the heart per minute, calculated as stroke volume multiplied by heart rate.

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13

Preload

The initial stretching of the heart's ventricular walls, directly related to the volume of blood returning to the heart.

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14

Afterload

The pressure that the contracting ventricles must overcome to eject blood into the aorta.

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15

Stroke volume (SV)

The amount of blood pumped by the heart with each beat, calculated as end-diastolic volume minus end-systolic volume.

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16

Mean Arterial Pressure (MAP)

An average arterial blood pressure during a single cardiac cycle.

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17

Cardiac reserve

The difference between cardiac output at rest and the maximum cardiac output during activity.

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18

Epinephrine

A hormone released from the adrenal medulla that increases heart rate and force of contraction.

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19

Norepinephrine

A hormone that increases heart rate and contractility, released by sympathetic nerve fibers.

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