Intro to Psychology final

What is psychology

The science that studies behavior and mental processes

what is 1 field of psychology and describe it

clinical psychologists help patients with mental disorders adjust to the demands of life

who came up with “know thyself” and the concept of introspection

Socrates

What does introspection mean?

deliberately looking into ones own cognitive to examine your thoughts and emotions

name 1 pioneer of psychology, what did he find, and what does that foundation mean?

John B Watson founded behaviorism which is the study of behavior and studies the relationship between stimuli and response

Name 1 method of observation and describe 1 advantage and disadvantage of it

The laboratory method is a method of observation with an advantage of being in a controlled setting and a disadvantage of not being able to get the same results you would if you were in a natural setting

Evolutionary Perspective

theory that focuses on the evolution of behavior and mental processes

Socialculture perspective

The influence of ethnicity, gender, culture, and socioeconomic status on hbehavior and mental processes

Cognitive Perspective

Emphasizes the role of the thought process in determining behavior

Learning Perspective

Emphasizes the effects of learning on behavior

Biopsychosocial perspective

mental process influenced by biological, psychological, and social factors

What is ethics in psychology?

To have a purpose and reason for doing an experiment or study while still knowing and acknowledging the life and dignity of another human or animal

Explain the Placebo effect and how it’s used in psychology

using a substance to test the effectiveness of another substance. It can be used in psychology to study how the things you hear about a substance can affect the results of said substance

Explain confidentiality and when it is appropriate to break it

Confidentiality is where a psychologist or counselor cannot tell anyone the things their patient is confiding with them unless that patient is harming themselves, others, or is being harmed by another

Explain why it is important to do animal research and what we have learned because of animal research

Some animals have similar anatomy, reactions and thought processes that humans have and from animal testing we have learned a lot about human behavior, stimuli , and responses such as B.F skinners experiments or reinforcements with rats

Psychosexual development

The process where libidinal energy is expressed through different erogenous zones during different stages of development

Id

Present at birth, represents psychological drives and is fully unconscious

Phallic stage

3rd stage, characterized by a shift of libido to phallic region

Ego

Characterized by self awareness, planning, and delay of gratification

Personality

the reasonably stable patterns of emotions, motives, and behavior that distinguish one person from another

Superego

A moral guardian and sets forth high standards for behavior

Oedipus Complex

a conflict where the boy wishes to posses his mother and views the father as a rival

Latency

repression of sexual impulse

Anal stage

2nd stage, where gratification is attained through anal activity

Psychodynamic theory

The importance of the unconscious mind and conflicts as forces that determine behavior

Oral stage

1st stage, gratification Is hypothesized to be obtained primarily through oral activities

Electra Complex

A conflict where the girl longs for her father and resents her mother

Genital Stage

Preferred expression of libido through intercourse with an adult of the other gender

Frontal lobe

A

Parietal lobe

Label B

Occipital lobe

Label C

Cerebellum

Label D

Temporal lobe

Label G

Cerebrum

A, B, C, and D

What sections is the brain divided into?

the hindbrain, the midbrain, and the forebrain

What is one way we can study the brain and explain how it would be conducted

lesions by cutting or destroying parts of the brain

Occipital lobe

primary visual area; helps us to see

Temporal lobe

Hearing and auditory; helps us to hear

Parietal lobe

sensory; helps us feel sensations like warmth, cold, touch, and pain

Frontal lobe

problem solving; helps to make plans and decisions

what reflex is triggered by your body’s automatic response to a trigger without input from your brain

Spinal reflex

Medulla

involved in regulation of heart rate, blood pressure, respiration, and circulation

Cerebellum

essential to balance and coordination

pons

involved in regulation of movement, sleep, and arousal and respiration

cerebrum

center of thinking and language, prefrontal area contains “executive center” of brain

thalamus

relay station for sensory information

pituitary gland

secretes hormones that regulate many body functions, including secretion of hormones from other glands; sometimes referred to as the “master gland”

corpus callosum

thick bundle of axons that serves as a bridge between the two cerebral hemispheres

Hypothalamus

secretes hormones that stimulate secretion of hormones by the pituitary gland; involved in basic drives such as hunger, sex, and aggression

Reticular function

involved in regulation of sleep and walking; stimulation of reticular formation increases arousal

nucleus: controls activity of the cell, contains chromosomes, the DNA

2.

soma (cell body): produced energy needed for activity of the cell

dendrites: branch like extensions of a neuron that receives the impulse and conducts them towards cell body

4.

myelin sheath: a white fatty substance that insulates axons and enables rapid transmission of neural impulses

axon: long tubelike structure attached to a neuron that transmits impulse away from the neuron cell body

6.

axon terminal: small fibers branding out from axon

nervous system

central nervous system & peripheral nervous system

central nervous system

spinal cord & brain

peripheral nervous system

somatic & automatic → sympathetic & parasympathetic system

ear diagram

the opening center of the eye that adjusts to the amount of light entering is called?

pupil

the part of the retina that contains no photoreceptors is called?

blind spot

What are the names of the small bones in the middle ear?

hammer, anvil, stirrup

the illusion of movement is produced by showing the rapid progression of images or objects that are not moving

stribascopic motion

this is the nerve that transmits information about odors from receptor neurons to the brain

olfactory nerve

the weakest amount of stimulation that can be sense is called?

absolute threshold

the method of distinguishing sensory stimuli that takes into account not only the strength of the stimuli but also such elements as setting and ones physical state, mood, and attitude is called?

Signal detection theory

what are the 4 basic taste qualities we have on our tongue?

sweet, sour, salty, and bitter

the image below was used for what?

color blind testing

the image was used to give an example of what?

After images

what are the two photoreceptors called?

cones & rods

what is this perception called

ground figure: perception of figures against a backround

what is this perception called

closure: tendency to perceive a complete figure even when there are gaps in what your senses tell you

what is this perception called

proximity: tendency to group together visual and auditory events that are near to each other

what is this perception called

continuity: tendency to group stimuli into a continuous pattern

what is this perception called

similarity: tendency to group together element that seem alike

what is this consistency

color: tendency to perceive objects as keeping their color even though different lighting might change the appearance

what is this consistency

shape: tendency to see an object keeping its form despite changes in orientation

what is this consistency

brightness: tendency to perceive an object as being equally bright even when the intensitity of the light around it changes

what is this consistency

size: tendency to perceive an object as being one size no matter how far away the object is

Attitude

an enduring mental representation of a person, place, or thing that typically evokes an emotional response and related behavior

Social psychology

Studies the nature and causes of behavior and mental processes in social situations

Cognitive dissonance theory

the view that we are motivated to make our cognitions or beliefs consistent with each other and with our behavior

prejudice

attitude toward a group that leads people to evaluate members of that group negatively

discrimination

hostile behavior directed against groups toward whom one is prejudiced

stereotyping

erroneous assumptions that all members of a group share the same traits or characteristics

attraction

an attitude of liking or disliking (negative attraction)

triangular model of love

love involved combination of three components: intimacy, passion, and committment

intimacy

partners share their innermost feelings

passion

strong romantic snd sexual feelings

commitment

decision to maintain a relationship

consummate love

combines passion. intimacy, and comittment

romantic love

intense positive emotion that involved sexual attraction, feelings of caring, and the belief that one is in love

Social Perception

studies the ways in which we form and modify impressions of others

primacy effect

the tendency to evaluate others in terms of first impressions

recency effect

the tendency to evaluate others in terms of the most recent impressions

attribution

a belief concerning why people behave in a certain way

dispositional attributions

an assumption that a persons behavior is determined by internal causes such as personal traits