Bonding

What is ionic bonding?

Ionic bonding is the electrostatic attraction between oppositely charged ions.

Define covalent bonding.

Covalent bonding is the sharing of electron pairs between atoms to form giant structures or simple molecules

What factors affect electronegativity?

Low shielding, small atomic radius and high nuclear charge

Explain the principle of electronegativity.

Electronegativity is the ability of an atom to attract a pair of electrons in a covalent bond.

What is the difference between polar and nonpolar bonds?

Polar bonds have unequal sharing of electrons, whereas nonpolar bonds share electrons equally.

Describe hydrogen bonding.

Hydrogen bonding is a weak interaction between molecules with a hydrogen atom bonded to a fluorine, oxygen or nitrogen atom.

Give an example of a molecule with ionic bonds.

Sodium chloride (NaCl) is an example of a molecule with ionic bonds.

What is a coordinate covalent bond?

A coordinate covalent bond is formed when one atom donates its electrons for a shared pair.

Describe vanderwaals

momentary attraction between temporary dipoles

Explain why metals conduct electricity.

Metals conduct electricity due to the presence of free-moving delocalized electrons.

What makes an cation likley to become ionised?

When it’s in close proximity to an anion with a high ionic charge and small atomic radius

A __________ bond is a type of covalent bond where electrons are shared equally.

nonpolar

A __________ bond occurs when electrons are shared unequally between two atoms.

polar

The __________ of an atom increases as its electronegativity increases.

attraction for electrons

Hydrogen bonds typically form between a hydrogen atom and atoms of __________, __________, or __________.

fluorine, oxygen, nitrogen

The presence of __________ electrons in metals allows them to conduct electric current.

delocalized

An atom with a __________ charge is called a cation.

positive

The __________ of an atom is determined by its ability to attract electrons in a bond.

electronegativity

In a __________ covalent bond, one atom contributes both electrons to the shared pair.

coordinate