Vertebral Column

There are 5 sections of the vertebral column, what are they called?

Cervical

Thoracic

Lumbar

Sacral

Caudal/coccygeal

All species have ____ no of cervical vertebral bones?

7

Horses have ___ no of thoracic vertebral bones

18/19 (depending on breed)

What are the nucleus pulposus function?

shock absorption

What are the atypical bones in cervical vertebral bones?

C1 and C2 (atlas and axis)

Describe the Atlas

No spinous process, Large transverse process

Reduced body

C1

Articulate with occipital bone to form atlanto-occipital joint (move head up and down)

Describe the Axis

It has 2 bodies: main body and long dens

Elongated spinous process

Articulates with C1 to form atlanto-axial joint (only lateral rotation)

what forms the neural arch?

Lamina and pendicle

What characterisitc are there of the thoracic vertebrae?

Short body

Long spinous process

reduced transverse process

Has costal fovea (articulate w/ head and tubercle of rib)

What thoracic vertebrae is the anticlinial vertebrae?

T11

What characteristics define lumbar vertebrae?

Longer bodies

large transverse process

Why does the sacral joints have no movement?

S1-3 all fused tgt

what is the meeting point btw costal cartilage and bony part of rib?

Costal-chondral junction

what part of rib articulates with costal fovea?

Head and tubercle of the rib

What does costotranverse ligament joint tgt?

Tubercule of rib to transverse process of vertebrae

what does intercapitular ligament join tgt?

the heads on both sides of the rib

what does dorsal longitudinal ligament joint tgt?

Dorsal spinous processes to eo

Ehat is the difference btw nuchal ligament in dogs vs horse?

In horse: Nuchal ligament is extensive, has 2 parts (funicular and laminar)

In dogs: cord like structure. Simple ligament

Where does funicular part of nuchal ligament attach to?

Nuchal crest of occipital bone

Where is the atlantal bursa?

Space btw ligament and bone

what movement does the atlanto-occipital joint allow?

Limited to flexion and extension

what movement does the atlanto-axial joint allow?

ONLY lateral rotation

what are epaxial muscles?

Muscles abv transverse process

what are hypaxial muscles?

Muscles below transverse process

What are the different groups of epaxial muscles?

transversospinalis (closest to spine)

longissimus (middle)

illiocostalis (closest to rib)

what are the accessory inspirators?

Serratus Ventralis

Serratus dorsalis cranialis

Scalenus

Rectus thoracis

intercostal muscles

What are accessory expirators?

Serratus dorsalis caudalis

Ext abdominal oblique

transversus throracis muscle

What forms the intervertebral foramen?

Cranial Notch and caudal notch of adjacent vertebrae.

What bones are the transverse foramen present in?

ONLY C1-C6

What surrounds the nucleus pulposus? What is its purpose?

Annulus fibrosus. Provides stability

What forms the intervertebral disc?

Annulus fibrosus and nucleus pulposus.

Vertebral artery moves into head to become______ artery

Basilar

What passes through the transverse foramen?

Vertebral artery, vein and nerve

What does the sacrotuberous ligament attach?

Last sacral and 1st coccidial vertebrae to tuber ishium

Name the structure

Manubrium sterni

Which part of nuchal ligmanet in horse is fenestrated?

Laminar

When does the verterbral canal disappear?

Cy 5-7

What flows through the haemal arches? where is it found?

Coccygral artery.

first few coccygeal vertebrae

What vertebral bones dont have facets?

Atlanto-occipital joint

sacrum

caudal/coccygeal

What are the layers of the thoracic wall?

1. Skin

2. cutaneous trunci

3. superficial fascia

4. deep fascia and muscles

5. ribs

6. endothoracic fascia

7. pleura

What are the superficial muscles?

Latissimus dorsi

Pectoral

Exr abd oblique

What are the muscles of the ribcage?

Int intercoastal muscle

ext intercoastal muscle

What is the blood and nerve supply to ribs?

Intercoastal vein, artery and nerve

What muscles are accessory inspirators?

Serratus ventralis

Scalenus

Rectus thoracis

Serratus dorsalis

What muscles are accessory expirators?

serratus dorsalis caudalis

external abdnomial oblique

transversus thoracis