Apologia Biology 3rd edition Final Exam Vocab

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100 Terms

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Taxonomy

The science dealing with the description, identification, naming, and classifying of organisms.

<p>The science dealing with the description, identification, naming, and classifying of organisms.</p>
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Binomial nomenclature

Naming an organism with its genus and species name

<p>Naming an organism with its genus and species name</p>
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antibiotic

Chemical secreted by a living organism that kills or reduces the reproduction rate of other organisms.

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Pathogen

knowt flashcard image
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Saprophyte

An organism that causes disease.

<p>An organism that causes disease.</p>
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Endospore

A thick internal wall (made of several hard layers), produced by the bacterium, that encloses its DNA and other essential parts.

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Conjugation

A temporary union of two organisms for the purpose of DNA transfer.

<p>A temporary union of two organisms for the purpose of DNA transfer.</p>
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Transformation

The transfer of a DNA segment from a nonfunctional donor cell to that of a functional recipient cell.

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Transduction

The process in which infection by a virus results in DNA being transferred from one bacterium to another.

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Virus

A non-cellular infectious agent that has two characteristics: (1) It has genetic material (DNA or RNA) inside a protective protein coat. (2) It cannot reproduce on its own; it must infect a living cell.

<p>A non-cellular infectious agent that has two characteristics: (1) It has genetic material (DNA or RNA) inside a protective protein coat. (2) It cannot reproduce on its own; it must infect a living cell.</p>
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Lytic Cycle

A virus enters a cell, hijacks the host cell's DNA replication system, makes copies of itself, and causes the cell to burst, releasing more viruses.

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Lysogenic cycle

A virus enters a cell, embeds its DNA into the DNA of the hose cell, and is replicated along with the host cell's DNA.

<p>A virus enters a cell, embeds its DNA into the DNA of the hose cell, and is replicated along with the host cell's DNA.</p>
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Vaccine

A weakened or inactive version of a pathogen that stimulates the body's production of antibodies that aid in destroying the pathogen.

<p>A weakened or inactive version of a pathogen that stimulates the body's production of antibodies that aid in destroying the pathogen.</p>
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Pseudopod

A temporary, footlike extension of a cell, used for locomotion or engulfing food.

<p>A temporary, footlike extension of a cell, used for locomotion or engulfing food.</p>
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Spore

A reproductive cell with a hard, protective coating.

<p>A reproductive cell with a hard, protective coating.</p>
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Plankton

Tiny organisms that float in the water.

<p>Tiny organisms that float in the water.</p>
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Zooplankton

Tiny floating organisms that are either small animals or protozoans.

<p>Tiny floating organisms that are either small animals or protozoans.</p>
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Phytoplankton

Tiny floating photosynthetic organisms, primarily algae.

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Pellicle

A firm, flexible coating outside the plasma membrane.

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Eyespot

A light-sensitive region in certain protists.

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Holdfast

A special structure used by an organism to anchor itself.

<p>A special structure used by an organism to anchor itself.</p>
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Sessile colony

A colony that uses holdfasts to anchor itself to an object.

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Extracellular digestion

Digestion that takes place outside of the cell.

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Mycelium

The part of the fungus responsible for extracellular digestion and absorption of the digested food.

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Hypha

A filament of fungal cells.

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Chitin

A chemical that provides both toughness and flexibility.

<p>A chemical that provides both toughness and flexibility.</p>
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Zygospore

A zygote surrounded by a hard, protective covering.

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Membrane

A thin covering of tissue

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Botany

study of plants

<p>study of plants</p>
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Alternation of generations

the alternation between the haploid gametophyte and the diploid sporophyte in a plant's life cycle

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Vascular tissue

system of tube-shaped cells that branches throughout a plant and transports water, mineral nutrients, and organic molecules between roots and shoots

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Dominant generation

In alternation of generations, the generation that occupies the largest portion of the life cycle

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Pollen

A fine dust that contains the sperm of seed-producing plants

<p>A fine dust that contains the sperm of seed-producing plants</p>
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Cotyledon

A "seed leaf" which develops as a part of the seed. It provides nutrients to the developing seedling and eventually becomes the first leaf of the plant.

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Perennial plants

Plants that grow year after year

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Annual plants

Plants that live for only one year

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Biennial plants

Plants that live for two years

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Perfect flowers

Flowers with both stamens and carpels

<p>Flowers with both stamens and carpels</p>
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Imperfect flowers

Flowers with either stamens or carpels, but not both

<p>Flowers with either stamens or carpels, but not both</p>
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Pollination

The transfer of pollen grains from the anther to the carpel in flowering plants

<p>The transfer of pollen grains from the anther to the carpel in flowering plants</p>
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Double fertilization

A fertilization process that requires two sperm to fuse with two other cells

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Seed

An ovule with a protective coating, encasing a mature plant embryo and a nutrient source

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Fruit

A mature ovary that contain a seed or seeds

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Physiology

The study of life processes in an organism

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Vegetative organs

The parts of a plant (such as stems, roots, and leaves) that are not involved in reproduction

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Reproductive plant organs

The parts of a plant (such as flowers, fruits, and seeds) involved in reproduction

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Undifferentiated cells

Cells that have not specialized in any particular function

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Xylem

Nonliving vascular tissue that carries water and dissolved minerals from the roots of a plant to its leaves

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phloem

Living vascular tissue that carries sugar and organic substances throughout a plant

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Girdling

The process of cutting away a ring of inner and outer bark all the way around a tree trunk

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Deciduous plant

A plant that loses its leaves for winter

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Nastic movement

A plant's response to a stimulus such that the direction of the response is preprogrammed and not dependent on the direction of the stimulus

<p>A plant's response to a stimulus such that the direction of the response is preprogrammed and not dependent on the direction of the stimulus</p>
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Stimulus

An environmental change that triggers a response

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Pore spaces

Spaces in the soil that determine how much water and air the soil can hold

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Loam

A mixture of gravel, sand, silt, clay, and organic matter

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Translocation

The process by which organic substances move through the phloem of a plant

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Hormones

Chemicals that circulate throughout multicellular organisms, regulating cellular processes by interacting with specifically targeted cells

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Phototropism

A growth response to light

<p>A growth response to light</p>
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Gravitropism

A growth response to gravity

<p>A growth response to gravity</p>
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Thigmotropism

A growth response to touch

<p>A growth response to touch</p>
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Invertebrates

animal that lacks a backbone

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Vertebrates

animals that possess a backbone

<p>animals that possess a backbone</p>
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Spherical symmetry

An organism possesses spherical symmetry if it can be cut into two identical halves by any cut that runs through the organism's center

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Radial symmetry

An organism possesses radial symmetry if it can be cut into two identical halves by any longitudinal cut through its center

<p>An organism possesses radial symmetry if it can be cut into two identical halves by any longitudinal cut through its center</p>
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Bilateral symmetry

An organism possesses bilateral symmetry if it can only be cut into two identical halves by a single longitudinal cut along its center which divides it into right and left halves.

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Anterior end

head region

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Posterior end

tail end

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Epidermis

An outer layer of cells designed to provide protection

<p>An outer layer of cells designed to provide protection</p>
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Endodermis

an inner layer of cells

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mesenchyme

The jellylike substance that separates the epidermis from the inner cells in a sponge

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Collar cells

flagellated cells that push water through a sponge

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Amoebcytes

Cells that move using pseudopods and perform different functions in different animals

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Gemmule

A cluster of cells encased in a hard, spicule-reinforced shell

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Polyp

The sessile, tubular form of a cnidarian with a mouth and tentacles at one end and a basal disk at the other

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Medusa

A free-swimming cnidarian with a bell-shaped body and tentacles

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Epithelium

Animal tissue consisting of one or more layers of cells that have only one free surface, because the other surface adheres to a membrane or other substance

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Mesoglea

The jellylike substance that separates the epithelial cells in a cnidarian

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Nematocysts

Small capsules that contain a toxin which is injected into prey or predators

<p>Small capsules that contain a toxin which is injected into prey or predators</p>
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Testes

organs that produces sperm

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Ovaries

Organs that produce eggs

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closed circulatory system

A system in which blood stays in vessels designed to transport food and other necessary substances throughout a creature's body

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Nervous system

A system of sensitive cells that respond to stimuli such as sound, touch, and taste

<p>A system of sensitive cells that respond to stimuli such as sound, touch, and taste</p>
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Ganglia

Masses of nerve cell bodies

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Hermaphroditic

possessing both the male ad female reproductive organs

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Regeneration

The ability to regrow a missing part of the body

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open circulatory system

a system in which blood is pumped through vessels into various chambers or body cavities where it comes in direct contact with cells, tissues, and organs

<p>a system in which blood is pumped through vessels into various chambers or body cavities where it comes in direct contact with cells, tissues, and organs</p>
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Mantle

A sheath of tissue that encloses the vital organs of a mollusk, makes the mollusk's shell, and performs respiration

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Shell

A tough, multilayered structure secreted by the mantle, generally used for protection, but sometimes for body support

<p>A tough, multilayered structure secreted by the mantle, generally used for protection, but sometimes for body support</p>
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Visceral hump

A hump that contains a mollusk's heart, digestive, and excretory organs

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Foot

A muscular organ that is used for locomotion and takes a variety of forms depending on the animal

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Radula

an organ covered with teeth that mollusks use to scrape food into their mouths

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Univalve

An organism with a single shell

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Bivalve

have 2 shells

<p>have 2 shells</p>
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Exoskeleton

A body covering, typically made of chitin, that provides support and protection

<p>A body covering, typically made of chitin, that provides support and protection</p>
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Molt

To shed an old outer covering so that it can be replaced with a new one

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Thorax

The body region between the head and the abdomen.

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Abdomen

The body region posterior to the thorax

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Cephalothorax

A body region composed of the head and thorax fused together

<p>A body region composed of the head and thorax fused together</p>
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Compound eye

An eye made of many lenses, each with a very limited scope

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Simple eye

An eye with only one lens