Apologia Biology 3rd edition Final Exam Vocab

Taxonomy

The science dealing with the description, identification, naming, and classifying of organisms.

Binomial nomenclature

Naming an organism with its genus and species name

antibiotic

Chemical secreted by a living organism that kills or reduces the reproduction rate of other organisms.

Pathogen

Saprophyte

An organism that causes disease.

Endospore

A thick internal wall (made of several hard layers), produced by the bacterium, that encloses its DNA and other essential parts.

Conjugation

A temporary union of two organisms for the purpose of DNA transfer.

Transformation

The transfer of a DNA segment from a nonfunctional donor cell to that of a functional recipient cell.

Transduction

The process in which infection by a virus results in DNA being transferred from one bacterium to another.

Virus

A non-cellular infectious agent that has two characteristics: (1) It has genetic material (DNA or RNA) inside a protective protein coat. (2) It cannot reproduce on its own; it must infect a living cell.

Lytic Cycle

A virus enters a cell, hijacks the host cell's DNA replication system, makes copies of itself, and causes the cell to burst, releasing more viruses.

Lysogenic cycle

A virus enters a cell, embeds its DNA into the DNA of the hose cell, and is replicated along with the host cell's DNA.

Vaccine

A weakened or inactive version of a pathogen that stimulates the body's production of antibodies that aid in destroying the pathogen.

Pseudopod

A temporary, footlike extension of a cell, used for locomotion or engulfing food.

Spore

A reproductive cell with a hard, protective coating.

Plankton

Tiny organisms that float in the water.

Zooplankton

Tiny floating organisms that are either small animals or protozoans.

Phytoplankton

Tiny floating photosynthetic organisms, primarily algae.

Pellicle

A firm, flexible coating outside the plasma membrane.

Eyespot

A light-sensitive region in certain protists.

Holdfast

A special structure used by an organism to anchor itself.

Sessile colony

A colony that uses holdfasts to anchor itself to an object.

Extracellular digestion

Digestion that takes place outside of the cell.

Mycelium

The part of the fungus responsible for extracellular digestion and absorption of the digested food.

Hypha

A filament of fungal cells.

Chitin

A chemical that provides both toughness and flexibility.

Zygospore

A zygote surrounded by a hard, protective covering.

Membrane

A thin covering of tissue

Botany

study of plants

Alternation of generations

the alternation between the haploid gametophyte and the diploid sporophyte in a plant's life cycle

Vascular tissue

system of tube-shaped cells that branches throughout a plant and transports water, mineral nutrients, and organic molecules between roots and shoots

Dominant generation

In alternation of generations, the generation that occupies the largest portion of the life cycle

Pollen

A fine dust that contains the sperm of seed-producing plants

Cotyledon

A "seed leaf" which develops as a part of the seed. It provides nutrients to the developing seedling and eventually becomes the first leaf of the plant.

Perennial plants

Plants that grow year after year

Annual plants

Plants that live for only one year

Biennial plants

Plants that live for two years

Perfect flowers

Flowers with both stamens and carpels

Imperfect flowers

Flowers with either stamens or carpels, but not both

Pollination

The transfer of pollen grains from the anther to the carpel in flowering plants

Double fertilization

A fertilization process that requires two sperm to fuse with two other cells

Seed

An ovule with a protective coating, encasing a mature plant embryo and a nutrient source

Fruit

A mature ovary that contain a seed or seeds

Physiology

The study of life processes in an organism

Vegetative organs

The parts of a plant (such as stems, roots, and leaves) that are not involved in reproduction

Reproductive plant organs

The parts of a plant (such as flowers, fruits, and seeds) involved in reproduction

Undifferentiated cells

Cells that have not specialized in any particular function

Xylem

Nonliving vascular tissue that carries water and dissolved minerals from the roots of a plant to its leaves

phloem

Living vascular tissue that carries sugar and organic substances throughout a plant

Girdling

The process of cutting away a ring of inner and outer bark all the way around a tree trunk

Deciduous plant

A plant that loses its leaves for winter

Nastic movement

A plant's response to a stimulus such that the direction of the response is preprogrammed and not dependent on the direction of the stimulus

Stimulus

An environmental change that triggers a response

Pore spaces

Spaces in the soil that determine how much water and air the soil can hold

Loam

A mixture of gravel, sand, silt, clay, and organic matter

Translocation

The process by which organic substances move through the phloem of a plant

Hormones

Chemicals that circulate throughout multicellular organisms, regulating cellular processes by interacting with specifically targeted cells

Phototropism

A growth response to light

Gravitropism

A growth response to gravity

Thigmotropism

A growth response to touch

Invertebrates

animal that lacks a backbone

Vertebrates

animals that possess a backbone

Spherical symmetry

An organism possesses spherical symmetry if it can be cut into two identical halves by any cut that runs through the organism's center

Radial symmetry

An organism possesses radial symmetry if it can be cut into two identical halves by any longitudinal cut through its center

Bilateral symmetry

An organism possesses bilateral symmetry if it can only be cut into two identical halves by a single longitudinal cut along its center which divides it into right and left halves.

Anterior end

head region

Posterior end

tail end

Epidermis

An outer layer of cells designed to provide protection

Endodermis

an inner layer of cells

mesenchyme

The jellylike substance that separates the epidermis from the inner cells in a sponge

Collar cells

flagellated cells that push water through a sponge

Amoebcytes

Cells that move using pseudopods and perform different functions in different animals

Gemmule

A cluster of cells encased in a hard, spicule-reinforced shell

Polyp

The sessile, tubular form of a cnidarian with a mouth and tentacles at one end and a basal disk at the other

Medusa

A free-swimming cnidarian with a bell-shaped body and tentacles

Epithelium

Animal tissue consisting of one or more layers of cells that have only one free surface, because the other surface adheres to a membrane or other substance

Mesoglea

The jellylike substance that separates the epithelial cells in a cnidarian

Nematocysts

Small capsules that contain a toxin which is injected into prey or predators

Testes

organs that produces sperm

Ovaries

Organs that produce eggs

closed circulatory system

A system in which blood stays in vessels designed to transport food and other necessary substances throughout a creature's body

Nervous system

A system of sensitive cells that respond to stimuli such as sound, touch, and taste

Ganglia

Masses of nerve cell bodies

Hermaphroditic

possessing both the male ad female reproductive organs

Regeneration

The ability to regrow a missing part of the body

open circulatory system

a system in which blood is pumped through vessels into various chambers or body cavities where it comes in direct contact with cells, tissues, and organs

Mantle

A sheath of tissue that encloses the vital organs of a mollusk, makes the mollusk's shell, and performs respiration

Shell

A tough, multilayered structure secreted by the mantle, generally used for protection, but sometimes for body support

Visceral hump

A hump that contains a mollusk's heart, digestive, and excretory organs

Foot

A muscular organ that is used for locomotion and takes a variety of forms depending on the animal

Radula

an organ covered with teeth that mollusks use to scrape food into their mouths

Univalve

An organism with a single shell

Bivalve

have 2 shells

Exoskeleton

A body covering, typically made of chitin, that provides support and protection

Molt

To shed an old outer covering so that it can be replaced with a new one

Thorax

The body region between the head and the abdomen.

Abdomen

The body region posterior to the thorax

Cephalothorax

A body region composed of the head and thorax fused together

Compound eye

An eye made of many lenses, each with a very limited scope

Simple eye

An eye with only one lens