Green Crime + State Crime

All of this falls under the umbrella of globalisation btw xoxo

Beck

Global Risk Consciousness - Humanity is aware of large international risks

International Responsibility is necessary to solve mutual problems caused by Global Risk Society

White

Anthropocentric + Ecocentric Harm

Anthropocentric = Harm to the environment is OK as humans have a right to use it

Ecocentric = Harm to the environment is bad because humans are affected negatively

South

Primary + Secondary Green Crime

Primary = Directly harming Earth’s resources [pollution, deforestation, etc.]

Secondary = Flouting rules that prevent env. harm [State violence, environmental discrimination, etc.]

Lynch

Traditional Criminology + Green Criminology

Traditional = Using the law to analyse/determine crime, means that green crime is often not declared illegal

Green = Using ecocentric harm to define/study green crime, transgressive criminology, allows for global perspective

McLaughlin

4 types of state crime…

1. Police + Security [torture, genocide, committed by military]

2. Political [Corruption, censorship, negligence, by and for politics]

3. Economic [Bribery, tax evasion, for economic goals]

4. Social + Cultural [Discrimination, institutional racism, crimes against society]

Cohen

Culture of Denial of state crime, three stages

1. It Didn’t Happen [Complete denial]

2. It’s Not How it Looks [Denying specifics of crime]

3. It Had to Be This Way [Denying criminal motivations]

Adorno

Authoritarian Personality

People that commit state crime have a personality that makes them more likely to obey authority

Green and Ward

Normalisation + Socialisation causes state crime

Crime is socialised into people and normalised so it can be committed easily

Kelman + Hamilton

State crime is a result of three key factors…

1. Authorisation [People have commanded crime to happen]

2. Routinisation [Crime has lost importance due to it happening so regularly]

3. Dehumanisation [Crime is easier as victims are designated as not worthy of good treatment]

Bauman

State crime is a result of modernity…

• Division of labour [easier for many people to commit smaller crimes]

• Bureaucracy [less transparency, facilitating crime]

• Rationalisation [crime can be seen as rational step forward]

• Science and Technology [crime can be done quicker + quieter]