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Epidermis
The uppermost layer of skin, made of stratified squamous epithelium, continuously renewed with new layers pushed to the surface.
Dermis
The middle layer of skin, composed of dense connective tissue, containing collagen, elastic fibers, blood vessels, nerves, hair follicles, and glands.
Hypodermis
The lowest layer of skin, consisting of loose connective tissue and fat, not directly connected to the skin.
Protection
One of the skin's functions, providing a barrier against infection, waterproofing, and reflecting UV radiation.
Sensory
A function of the skin that involves detecting temperature, pressure, touch, and pain through nerve endings.
Thermoregulation
The skin's ability to regulate body temperature by preventing heat loss and expelling heat through sweating.
Storage
The function of the skin that involves storing adipose tissue for energy and thermal regulation.
Secretion
The process by which skin glands, such as sebaceous and sudiferous glands, release substances like oil and sweat.
Communication
The skin's role in conveying information through pheromones and visual signals, such as raised hackles.
Melanin
The pigment produced by melanocytes in the epidermis, responsible for skin color and UV radiation reflection.
Arrector pili muscle
A muscle that contracts to pull hair upright, causing goosebumps.
Keratin
A protein in the skin that provides waterproofing.
Nail root
The part of the nail from which it grows.
Hair follicles
Structures in the dermis where hair forms.
Vasodilation
The process of blood vessel dilation, where muscles around the vessel enlarge to increase blood flow.
Vasoconstriction
The process of blood vessel constriction, where muscles around the vessel tighten to decrease blood flow.
Cycloid scales
Thin, large, round/oval fish scales with overlapping growth rings, found in species like salmon and trout.
Ctenoid scales
Fish scales with spines or comb-like teeth on the edges, found in perches and sunfishes.
Placoid scales
Spiny, tooth-like projections found in cartilaginous fish like sharks and rays.
Ganoid scales
Bony fish scales covered with an enamel-like substance, found in gars and bowfin.
Respiration
A unique role of the skin in amphibians, allowing for gas exchange.
Scales
Adaptations in reptiles that help retain water and provide waterproofing.
Preen gland
A gland in birds that secretes oil to maintain feathers and skin.
Feather anatomy
Components of a feather, including vane, leading edge, trailing edge, quill, shaft, and afterfeather.
Structural colors
One of the ways birds express color, along with melanin, psittacofulvins, porphyrins, carotenoids, and spheniscins.
Guard hair
Coarse, long, and stiff hair in mammals that provides waterproofing.
Tactile hair
Whiskers that are thick, protrude, and are surrounded by nerves, mainly found on the face.
Wool hair
Soft, insulating hair that forms the innermost coat of mammals.
digital pads
covers distal interphalangeal joint
metacarpal pads
covers phalangeal metacarpal joint
carpal pad
distal to the carpal bones, stop pad
different functions of the skin
protection, sensory, storage, secretion, communication, production
shape of sudiferous gland vs shape of sebaceous gland
sudiferous: coiled, sebaceous: clump/sac
shape of epidermis
stratified squamous epithelium (flattened)
what is found in the dermis
collagen elastic, blood, nerves, hair follicles, glands
which is the thickest layer of the skin
dermis
what is found in the hypodermis
loose connective tissue (fat), elastic fibers
what do sudiferous glands do
secrete sweat
what do sebaceous glands do
secrete sebum (oil)
location of sudiferous glands
depends on species
what does sebum/oil do?
waterproofing/antiseptic, influence behavior and help with communication
what are the accessory organs of the integumentary system
nais/claws, hair/fur, glands, foot pads
where are hair follicles found
the dermis
why does vasodilation/vasoconstriction occur?
to regulate the bodies temperature/blood flow
how do reptile scales differ from fish scales
reptile scales form in the epidermis and fish scales form in the dermis
leading edge vs. trailing edge of feather
leading: first part to cut through air when flying, usually shorter and stronger
trailing: behind leading edge, follows path of leading edge, longer and less stiff
ways birds express color
structural colors, melanin, psittacofulvins, porphyrins, carotenoids, spheniscins