Psych 101 Exam #2

Psychoactive Drug

Chemical substance that alters perceptions, emotions, and mood

Tolerance

Increased doses required for desired effect with repeated use

Withdrawal

Undesirable effects experienced upon stopping drug use

Dependence

Physical pain, cravings, and negative emotions in absence of drug

Addiction

Compulsive craving of drugs despite harmful consequences

Substance Use Disorder

Continued craving and use despite life disruption and physical risk

Depressants

Drugs that reduce neural activity and slow down body functions

Stimulants

Drugs that excite neural activity and speed up body functions

Hallucinogens

Drugs that distort perceptions and evoke sensory images

Alcohol

Slows neural processing and acts as a potent sedative

Barbiturates

Drugs that depress central nervous system activity

Opiates

Drugs that depress neural activity and lessen pain and anxiety

Caffeine

Increases heart rate and breathing rate for energy

Nicotine

Increases heart rate and breathing rate for energy

Cocaine

Induces immediate euphoria followed by a crash

Amphetamines

Stimulate neural activity and cause accelerated body functions

Methamphetamines

Powerfully addictive drugs with devastating effects

Ecstasy

Synthetic stimulant and mild hallucinogen

LSD

Powerful hallucinogenic drug also known as acid

THC

Major active ingredient in cannabis that triggers effects

Psilocybin

Naturally occurring substance with psychedelic properties

Ayahuasca

Naturally occurring substance with psychedelic properties

Marijuana

Alleviates pain and nausea, associated with negative effects

Behavior Genetics

Study of genetic and environmental influences on behavior

Evolutionary Psychology

Study of behavior and mind using principles of natural selection

Nature

Inherited traits, behaviors, and instincts

Nurture

Content of mind acquired through senses and experiences

Evolutionary Perspective

Natural selection prepares humans for survival and reproduction

Social Learning Theory

Immediate explanations for behavior based on learning

What is behavioral genetics?

Study of heredity and environment on behavior

What is the purpose of studying identical twins versus fraternal twins?

To understand the influence of heredity and environment

What is the purpose of studying separated identical twins?

To test the effects of different home environments while maintaining the same genes

What is the purpose of studying adoptive families?

To study the effects of genetic differences while maintaining the same home environment

What is the role of parents in nurturing a child?

They have a significant influence on a child's behavior

What does Freudian psychiatry blame negative child behaviors on?

Bad mothering

What is the role of peers in a child's development?

They can influence socialization and teach new social skills

According to Gardner (1998), how do parents and peers influence a child?

They are complementary influences

How do peers influence us?

Through social learning and by representing the ideal we want to emulate

What factors protect us from peer influence?

Our own characteristics, the status of our peer group, and the relationship between ourselves and our peers

What aspects of a child's life do parents have more influence on?

Education, career path, cooperation, self-discipline, responsibility, charitableness, religion, and interaction style with authority figures

What aspects of a child's life do peers have more influence on?

Learning cooperation skills and learning the path to popularity

What is the purpose of studying identical twins versus fraternal twins?

To understand the influence of heredity and environment

What is the purpose of studying separated identical twins?

To test the effects of different home environments while maintaining the same genes

What is the purpose of studying adoptive families?

To study the effects of genetic differences while maintaining the same home environment

What is the role of parents in nurturing a child?

They have a significant influence on a child's behavior

What does Freudian psychiatry blame negative child behaviors on?

Bad mothering

What percentage of children's differences can be attributed to shared environmental influences?

Less than 10 percent

What is the role of peers in a child's development?

They can influence socialization and teach new social skills

According to Gardner (1998), how do parents and peers influence a child?

They are complementary influences

What is the role of peers in socialization?

Peers are instrumental in socialization

What factors protect us from peer influence?

Our own characteristics, the status of our peer group, and the relationship between ourselves and our peers

What aspects of a child's life do parents have more influence on?

Education, career path, cooperation, self-discipline, responsibility, charitableness, religion, and interaction style with authority figures

What aspects of a child's life do peers have more influence on?

Learning cooperation skills and learning the path to popularity

What is culture?

Patterns of ideas, attitudes, values, lifestyle habits, and traditions shared by a group of people and passed onto future generations.

What is culture shock?

Feeling lost about which behaviors are appropriate when encountering a new culture.

Give examples of cultural variation over time.

Language changes, pace of life quickens, gender equality increases, people sleep less and socialize in person less.

What are norms in a culture?

Standards for acceptable and expected behavior within a culture.

What is the nature of culture?

Culture is a set of shared patterns and traditions.

What are individualistic cultures?

Cultures that value independence, personal goals, and competition.

What are collectivist cultures?

Cultures that value interdependence, group goals, and mutual support.

What are the value contrasts between individualism and collectivism?

Individualism promotes personal ideals and competition, while collectivism promotes group goals and mutual support.

How do individualist cultures raise children?

They raise children to be self-reliant and independent.

How do collectivist cultures raise children?

They raise children to be compliant, obedient, and integrated into webs of mutual support.

How do Asian and African cultures differ in child raising compared to western European cultures?

They raise children to be more emotionally and physically close to others.

What is racial socialization?

One of the most important parenting practices for African Americans.

What are cultural influences on development?

Culture shapes individualism, collectivism, child raising, and racial socialization.

What is racial socialization?

The process of conveying messages about race and ethnicity.

What is sex?

Biologically influenced characteristics defining male and female.

What is gender?

Culturally associated characteristics of male and female roles.

What is gender normative?

Conforming to societal expectations of gender roles.

What is gender nonconformity?

Not conforming to societal expectations of gender roles.

What are gender differences in aggression?

Men commit more extreme violent acts, women engage in more relational aggression.

What are gender differences in social power?

Males typically hold group leadership positions and receive higher salaries.

What is the relationship between gender and elections?

Women are less successful than men in elections.

What is the gender distribution in world governing bodies?

78 percent of seats are held by males.

What is the relationship between gender and religiosity?

Men are less religious and pray less.

What happens to most parent-related differences by age 50?

They subside.

What is minor physical aggression?

Equally likely for men and women.

What is the difference in interaction style between men and women?

Men offer opinions, women offer support.

What are the two ways biology can influence gender?

Genetically and physiologically

How do males and females differ genetically?

They have differing sex chromosomes

How do males and females differ physiologically?

They have differing concentrations of sex hormones

What is the contribution of the mother and father to the 23rd chromosome pair?

Mother contributes X, father contributes X or Y

What is the X chromosome?

A sex chromosome found in both men and women

What is the Y chromosome?

A sex chromosome found only in males

What happens around the 7th week of prenatal development?

The Y chromosome engages the testes to develop and produce testosterone

When do sex hormones in the fetal brain develop?

Between the 4th and 6th months of prenatal development

What is testosterone?

An androgen that stimulates growth of male sex organs in the fetus and development of male sex characteristics during puberty

What are estrogens?

Sex hormones that contribute to female sex characteristics and are secreted in greater amounts by females than males

What happens during puberty?

Boys and girls enter puberty and experience pronounced physical differences, a surge of hormones, and rapid physical development

What are primary sex characteristics?

Body structures that make sexual reproduction possible, such as ovaries, testes, and external genitalia

What are secondary sex characteristics?

Non-reproductive sexual traits, such as female breasts and hips, male voice quality, and body hair

What is intersex?

A condition present at birth due to unusual combinations of male and female chromosomes, hormones, and anatomy

What is gender identity?

One's sense of oneself as male, female, or transgender

What is gender expression?

The way in which a person acts to communicate gender within a given culture, such as clothing, communication patterns, and interests

What are gender roles?

The set of expected behaviors for males and females

What is social learning theory?

Social behavior is learned by observing and imitating others' gender-linked behavior and by being rewarded or punished.

What is gender typing?

Children gravitate toward what feels right in terms of gender.

What is the role of feeling and thinking in learning to be male or female?

Feeling and thinking are involved in the process of learning to be male or female.

When do gender schemas form?

Gender schemas form early in life and organize experiences of male-female characteristics.