disability and sexuality representations

What are some examples of positive representations of sexuality in media?

Ellen Degeneres being open about her sexuality and the kiss between Princess Bubblegum and Marceline the Vampire Queen in Adventure Time.

What does the Equality Act of 2010 define as a disability?

A physical or mental impairment that has a substantial and long-term adverse effect on one's ability to perform normal day-to-day activities.

How does Shakespeare view the concept of disability?

He suggests that disability is a social construction, a problem created by societal attitudes rather than an inherent state of our bodies.

What does Shakespeare argue about society's perception of disability?

He argues that society creates disabilities by not accommodating the needs of individuals who do not meet the societal norms of what is considered 'normal'.

How do we learn about disability according to the notes?

Through socialization and social attitudes that transform an impairment into a disability.

What did Toddymadel speak about regarding disabled viewer's attitudes towards media representations?

He spoke to around 400 disabled viewers about their attitudes towards media representations of the disabled.

What concept refers to the persistent use of certain symbols like wheelchairs and guide dogs to denote disability?

Infantilization of disabled characters.

What is an example of a show that utilizes stereotypes in their portrayal of disability?

Little Britain and IT Crowd.

What is symbolic annihilation in the context of media representations of disability?

It refers to the absence and disregard of disabled people in media, leading to their devaluation.

What is a criticism of the use of able-bodied actors in disability roles?

It contributes to the deficit model, where disabled characters are portrayed as missing something.

According to Barnes, how are disabled characters often characterized in media?

One-dimensional characterization and typically not as protagonists.

What does the term tokenism refer to in media representations of disability?

Using a wheelchair as an icon or 'ticking a box' without genuine representation.

What is a significant issue in the representation of disabilities in media?

Underrepresentation of a range of disabilities; approximately 1/4 of adults classified as disabled are not depicted in media.

What societal expectation is placed on women regarding sexual activity?

Women are often shamed or labeled as 'whores' if they sleep with numerous men.

How is the Virgin Mary commonly viewed in relation to women's sexuality?

The Virgin Mary is seen as too innocent, contrasting with societal views of women who engage in sexual activity.

What is a common stereotype regarding older men and women?

Older men are referred to as 'silver foxes,' while older women are denigrated as 'old nags.'

What happens to teenagers' attitudes toward sex, according to the notes?

Teenagers are often obsessed with sex, engaging in behaviors like drawing penises and feeling pressure.

How are individuals with disabilities represented in the context of sexuality?

People with disabilities are often underrepresented, perceived as lacking the mental and physical capacity to engage in sexual behavior.

What negative behavior does the media often trivialize regarding women?

The media trivializes women's engagement in unprotected and underage sex.

What is the perception of young women in the media regarding their behavior?

Young women are often hypersexualized and celebrated for their sexual endeavors.

How do women who are virgins commonly get treated in terms of societal perception?

Women who are virgins may be mimicked and scorned by others for their lack of sexual experience.

What message does media representation send about women and their motivations?

Women are often portrayed as being motivated primarily by sex.

What is often associated with a woman's status regarding sexual activities?

Women gain status from their sexual endeavors.

What did Batchelor et al (2009) find about gay representations in mainstream media?

Gay representations weren't integrated into plot lines but rather depicted as a source of anxiety or targets of bullying.

What are the stereotypical signs of 'gayness' identified by Dyer (2002)?

Certain facial expressions, vocal tones, stances, or clothing.

What does Gross (1991) argue about the portrayal of gays in the media?

The media have symbolically annihilated gays by excluding them, trivialising or making fun of them.

What is David Gauntlett's argument regarding LGBTQ+ representation in mainstream media?

The LGBTQ+ community remains under-represented, but tolerance for sexual diversity is slowly improving.

What are the three media signifiers of gayness identified by Craig (1992)?

Trivialisation, Macho, and Deviant.

What does the 'Camp' representation signify according to Craig (1992)?

A 'flamboyant figure of fun,' perceived as a 'non-threatening' representation of gayness.

How are 'Macho' representations characterized?

An openly sexual look exaggerating traditional masculinity.

What does the 'Deviant' representation imply about gay people?

It portrays them as evil or devious, possibly sexual predators, reinforcing the idea that homosexuality is morally wrong.

Which media shows are mentioned as examples of Various representations of gayness?

Hollyoaks, Eastenders, Modern Family.

What does 'pink pound' refer to in the context of consumer markets?

The economic power and spending capability of the LGBTQ+ community, particularly gay and lesbian individuals.

How have portrayals of sexuality changed in new media according to the lecture?

There is more diversity and representation in sexuality on TV, which attracts a wider audience and reflects consumer demands.

What is a criticism of the representation of LGBTQ+ individuals in media?

Many portrayals continue to ridicule and trivialize certain types of sexuality, leading to a fixation on stereotypical representations.

What role does social media play in supporting LGBTQ+ rights?

Social media sites have been instrumental in generating support for same-sex marriages and allowing users to create and share content.

What is the concept of 'prosumers' mentioned in the lecture?

Consumers who also produce content, contributing to a participatory culture in media.

What did the lecture suggest about the profitability of catering to LGBTQ+ audiences?

The lecture highlighted that businesses targeting gay and lesbian consumers can be profitable due to the 'pink pound'.

Who are neophiliacs in the context of media consumption?

Individuals who are eager for new experiences and media choices, which often includes diverse representations of sexuality.

What was mentioned about the impact of cultural pessimists on regulations concerning LGBTQ+ representation?

Cultural pessimists argue that a lack of regulations in media can lead to challenges in accurately representing LGBTQ+ relationships.

How has consumer choice influenced the representation of the LGBTQ+ community in media?

Pluralistic approaches to media aim to align representations with consumer wants, thereby impacting how sexuality is portrayed.

What conflicting desires are mentioned regarding representations of gay men and lesbians in media?

Media representations often cater to heterosexual fantasies, which can lead to misrepresentation and oversight of authentic LGBTQ+ experiences.

What does the term 'heteronormative lens' refer to in media representation?

The traditional media representations of sexuality viewed primarily through the lens of heterosexuality as the norm.

What does symbolic annihilation mean in the context of media representation?

It refers to the exclusion or underrepresentation of certain groups in media, often leading to their stereotyping or absence altogether.

What percentage of portrayals in media were stereotyped for gay and lesbian individuals according to the notes?

Less than 5%.

In the context of this lecture, how is heterosexuality viewed in media representations?

Heterosexuality is often viewed as normal while homosexuality is seen as exceptional or unusual.

What historical context did the notes refer to in relation to gay media portrayal?

The 1980s AIDS crisis which influenced how media represented homosexuality.

What are the two main stereotypes discussed regarding gay men in media?

Gay men are often portrayed as psychos and sometimes embodied in a 'macho camp' aesthetic.

How does media traditionally portray lesbian women according to the notes?

Lesbians are often portrayed in distorted and stereotyped ways, such as butch representations.

What is symbolic annihilation in media representations based on sexuality?

It refers to the lack of visibility and representation of certain groups, leading to their omission and condemnation.

What is social stigmatization?

It is the process of applying a negative label on a group of people, resulting in their marginalization.

Give an example of a group that faces social stigmatization in media.

Teenagers, particularly Black men and Muslim immigrants, are often scapegoated and presented in negative ways.

What does tokenism in media refer to?

It refers to the practice of representing certain groups in media only to appear inclusive without meaningful representation.

How is contraception typically represented in media according to Batchelor et al?

Contraception is often represented as primarily the responsibility of women.

What are some limitations in media coverage of young people's sexuality?

Distinct differences between boys and girls are not acknowledged, and asexual individuals are often portrayed as not interested in sex.

Define sexuality.

Sexuality encompasses the sexual feelings and behaviors of a person.

What are examples of different sexual orientations mentioned?

Bisexual, lesbian, polyamorous, polysexual, pansexual, and heterosexual.

What has happened to the visibility of non-binary and trans characters in media since 2014?

Their representation has become more visible.

What issues remain concerning the representation of non-binary and trans characters?

Their representation is still problematic and overly simple.

What type of comedic portrayal is often associated with non-binary and trans characters in shows like Little Britain?

Comedic value that includes hypersexualization and tokenism.

What is a common criticism of the characters representing non-binary and trans identities in media?

They are often portrayed as deceiving or overly simplistic.