Power and Effect Size Concepts in Statistical Analysis

These flashcards cover key vocabulary terms and concepts related to power, effect size, and statistical analysis as outlined in the lecture notes.

Power

The probability of rejecting a false null hypothesis, indicating the study's ability to detect an effect if one exists.

Type I Error

The incorrect rejection of a true null hypothesis.

Type II Error (β)

The failure to reject a false null hypothesis.

Effect Size

The magnitude of the phenomenon being studied, indicating how much the null hypothesis is false.

Cohen's d

A measure of effect size that indicates the standardized difference between two means.

Statistical Significance

The probability that an observed effect is due to chance; often assessed with a p-value.

α (Alpha level)

The threshold for statistical significance, commonly set at 0.05.

A priori Power Analysis

A calculation conducted before a study to determine the sample size needed to achieve a desired power level.

Sensitivity Power Analysis

Analysis that determines the smallest effect size that can be detected given a specific sample size and power.

Reliability of Sample

The degree to which a sample accurately reflects the population from which it was drawn.