APHG - THE STUDY GUIDE

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Topography

Natural and Artificial Physical Features of an Area

Topographic Map

A map that uses isolines to represent points of common elevation; can be used to show railroads, rivers, lakes, etc

Reference Map

A map that shows the general geographic information of an area

Thematic Map

A map that depicts a single feature; Types include Choropleth, Isoline, Dot Density, Flow Line, Cartograpm, Graduated Circle

Choropleth Map

Puts features into classes, and them maps classes for each region; uses various colors or degrees of tonal shading

Isoline Map

Connects Points of Equal Value using Isolines

Dot Density Map

Dots used to Express the volume and density of a particular geographic feature

Flow Line Map

Use lines of various thicknesses to show the direction and volume of geographic movement patterns

Cartogram

A presentation of statistical data in geographical distribution on a map; exaggerates sizes based on the statistical value of the map’s theme

Proportional Symbol/Graduated Circle

The size of the symbol corresponds o the magnitude of the mapped feature

Map Projection

A way to view the curved Earth on a flat surface

Types of Distortions

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* Shape: The area is distorted
* Distance: Distance between points is inaccurate
* Relative size: Size can be Altered
* Direction: Direction is Distorted

Satellite Navigation

Artificial satellites are used to pinpoint the absolute location

Global Navigation Satellite System

Includes USA Global Positioning System (GPS)

Remote Sensing

Acquisition of data about Earth’s surface from satellites or other long-distance methods

On-Line Mapping and Visualization

Compilation and publication of websites that provide exhaustive graphical and text information in the form of maps and databases (sophisticated systems use GPS)

Landscape Analysis

Studying physical space to create a description of it and analyzing the process that shaped the landscape (human impact)

Cultural Landscape

Visible Imprint of Human Activity

Sequet Occupance

Notion that successive societies leave their cultural imprints on a place, each contributing to the cumulative cultural landscape

Why of Where

The idea that the explanation of the spatial patterns is crucial

Space

The physical gap between two objects

Distance Decay

Farther away \= Less interaction

Time-Space Compression

Reduction in the time it takes for something to diffuse to ascertain location based on transportation capabilities

Three Properties of Distribution

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* Density: Frequency of something in a certain space
* Concentration: Clustered or Dispersed
* Pattern: Arrangement of Objects

Stimulus Diffusion

Spread of an underlying principle even though the characteristic itself apparently fails to diffuse or is altered for a new culture group

Contagious

Rapid, widespread diffusion of a characteristic throughout the population

Hierarchial

Diffusion of an idea from persons or nodes of authoriy, power, or influence to those without

Relocation Diffusion

Relocating and bringing an idea or object to a new place

Sustainability

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**Usage of Earth’s resources in a way that does not constrain future generations**

* **1. Environment: Conservation vs. Preservation** 
* **2. Economy: Natural Reources Have Monetary value → Scarity increases price**
* **3. Society Pillar: Basic Resources**

Environmental Determinism

19th and 20th century idea that geography as the study of how the physical enviorment caused human activities

Land Use

How is Land Used; Technology has altered the relationship between people and land

Possibilism

The theory that the physical environment may set limits on human actions, but that people can adjust the environment as well

Scales of Analysis

Local → Regional → National → Global

Region

Area on Earth defined by one or more distinctive characteristics

* Formal: Area with one or more common characteristics
* Functional: Area organized around a node
* Perceptual: Area that people believes exists as part of cultural identity

Regional Analysis

Most often applied at two scales

Site

Physical characteristics of a place

Situation

Location of a place relative to other places

Arithmetic Density

Density that divides the total population by the toal area of land; Allows for direct comparison of number of people per land; answers the “where” questions

Physiological Density

Divides the total population by farmable land; Compares total people per farmland → how much food does the land need to rpoduce

Agricultural Density

Ratio between the number of farmers to arable land

Karl Marx’s View on Population

Argued that the problem was not population growth rates, but unequal distribution of resources

Boserup Theory

Felt overpopulation could be solved by increasing subsistence farmers

Ravenstein’s Laws of Migration

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1\.Every migration flow generates a return or counter migration

2\. The majority of migrants move a short distance

3\. Migrants who move longer distances tend to choose big cities

4\. Urban residents are less migratory than inhabitants of rural areas

5\. Families are less likely to make international moves than young adults

Intervieing Opportunities

The presence of nearer opportunity that greatly diminishes the attractiveness of sites further away

Refugees

People who are forced to migrate from their country for fear of persecution

Internally Displaced Persons

Someone who has been forced to migrate for similar reasons as refugees, but remain within their country’s borders

Asylum Seekers

Someone who has migrated to another country in hopes of being recognized as a refugee

Transnational Migration

International migration; Permanent move to another country; Largest migration patterns are Asia to Europe, Asia to North America, and Latian America to North America

Transhumance

Season migration of livestock between mountains and lowlands

Internal Migration

Move within a country;

* Interregional: One region to Another
* Intraregional: Movement with a region

Rural to Urban Migration

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* **Mass rural to urban migration during the Industrial Revolution**

Diaspora

The dispersion or spreading of something that was originally localized

Cultural Traits

A single element of normal practice in culture

Cultural Relativism

Principle that an individual person’s beliefs and activities should be understood by others in terms of that individual’s own culture

Ethnocentrism

The belief that one’s own race or ethnic group is the most important or that some or all aspects of its culture are superior to those of other groups

Cultural Landscape

Visible imprint of human activity

Sense of Place

State of mind derived through the infusion of a place with meaning and emotion remembering important events that occurred in that place and labeling it with a certain character

Centripetal Forces

An attitude that tends to unify people and enhance support for the state

Centrifugal Forces

An attitude that tends to separate people or divide a state

Creolization

Creole- A language that results from mixing a colonizer’s language with the indigenous language

Colonialism, imperialism, and Trade

These three things have brought about the diffusion and introduction of various cultural elements through various means

Urbanization and Global Impact

Urban hierarchy helps diffuse new cultural traits and trends

Cultural Convergence

When two cultures come together and interact, influencing each other

Cultural Divergence

The tendency for a culture to try to separate themselves from another culture as they fear that the other culture will overshadow their own

Universalizing Religions

A religion that attempts to appeal to all people, not just those living in a particular location

Ethnic Religions

A religion with a relatively concentrated spatial distribution whose principles are likely to be based on the physical characteristics of the particular location where it originated

Acculturation

The cultural change of a people upon direct contact with a different culture

Assimilation

The dying out of the old culture becomes it becomes replaced with the culture where a person or group of people live

Syncretism

When an aspect of two or more cultures blend together to create a new custom, idea, practice, or philosophy

Multiculturalism

The presence of, or support for the presence of, several distinct cultural or ethnic groups within a society

Nation

A population with a single culture

Nation-States

A single culture under a single government

Stateless Nations

A people without a state

Multinational State

State that contains more than one nation

Multistate Nations

A group of people who share a common characteristic and live in multiple states

Semi Autonomous Regions

Largely self-governing region within a larger political or organized entity

Sovereignty

Freedom from outside control

Self Determination

The process by which a country determines its own statehood and forms its own allegiances and government

Devolution

The release of power by the central or federal government to different regions of the country; Usually happen due to differences within regions

Shatterbelts

Area caught between conflicts of two other countries

Choke Points

A strategic strait or canal that could be closed or blocked off to stop sea traffic

Territoriality

Connection of people, their culture, and economic systems to the land

Boundaries

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* Relic: A relic on the landscape of a boundary that no longer exists
* Superimposed: Political boundary that ignores existing cultural organization; usually place on by higher power
* Subsequent:A boundary that develops along with the cultural landscape
* Antecedent: Boundary that exists before human settlement
* Geometric: Political boundary as a straight or curved arc; can use grid systems 
* Consequent: Drawn to separate groups based on ethnic, linguistic, religious, or economic differences

Establishing A Boundary Steps

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1\. Define: Usually through treaty-like documents

2\. Delimit: Drawn on maps

3\. Demarcate: Visible means of marking the boundaries

4\. Administrate: How the boundaries will be maintained and how goods/people will cross

Demilitarized Zones

An area from which weapons have been removed

Berlin Conference

1884 dividing of Africa between various European nations

United Nations Convention on the Law of Sea

Permitted countries to submit claims to the Arctic; Foreign ship need to be 12 nautical miles away from shore; exclusive economic zone

Redistricting

Process of redrawing legislative districts

Gerrymandering

The illegal process of redrawing the lines to benefit parties in power

Unitary States

An internal organization of a state that places most power in the hands of the central government

Federal States

An internal organization that puts the majority of the power in the hands of the people/local governments

Theocracy

Government by Divine Guidance or by officials who are regarded as divinely guided; Government guided by religion

Commonwealth of Nations

54 countries are members and span across Africa, Asia, the Americas, Europe and the Pacific → Common goal of promoting democracy, development, and peace

Ethnic Separatism

Ethnic groups seeking greater autonomy or complete independence from a larger state

Ethnic Cleansing

Process in which a more powerful ethnic group forcibly removes/kills a less powerful one in order to create an ethnically homogeneous region

Irredentism

Minority ethnic group desires to break away from multiethnic state and form its own nation or align itself with culturally similar state

Supranationalism

Outside or beyond the authority of one national government; Supranational organizations

Democratization

Process of moving a nation’s government from an authoritative (dictatorship) to a democracy

Arctic Council

Leading intergovernmental form promoting cooperation, coordination, and interaction among the Arctic States, Arctic indigenous communities, and other Arctic Inhabitants