Animal Phys Exam 2

Which of the following are considered major mechanisms of epigenetic marking? SELECT ALL THAT APPLY.

Covalent modification of histone proteins

Chlorofluorocarbons

Oxidative phosphorylation

DNA methylation

Covalent modification of histone proteins

DNA methylation

What is the name of the scientific field that examines inheritable traits not caused by changes in the DNA code?

non-codal genetics

epigenetics

genogenetics

proteomics

epigenetics

If you suspect you have an epigenetic tendency toward a psychological disorder, you should:

seek treatment from qualified professionals.

buy a home de-methylation kit

assume that your condition is permanent

blame your grandparents for having bad luck

seek treatment from qualified professionals

Is the following scenario an example of epigenetics?

Snails develop an ordinary shell when crabs are absent from their environment, but they develop a thickened shell when crabs are present.

No this scenario is not an example of epigenetics

In some forms of epigenetic modification, when a gene is “marked,” its

genetic code is temporarily modified

expression is permanently altered

genetic code is permanently modified

expression is semi-permanently altered

expression is semi-permanently altered

Consider the following example of agouti mice. These mice have a certain gene called agouti, which gives them a golden-yellow coat coloring and tends to increase obesity and the risk of its associated diseases.

These two mice above are monozygotic twins, which means they had the exact same DNA sequence at birth. The number of agouti/non-agouti pups born in a litter can be somewhat controlled by altering the pregnant mother’s diet. If the mother is given larger amounts of folic acid-containing nutrition (a good source of methyl groups), more brown mice (methylated at the agouti gene) are born. 

Is the above example an example of epigenetics?

Yes; this is an example of epigenetics.

A circadian rhythm has a period of about:

a month (30 days)

a day (24 hours)

half a day (12 hours)

a year (365 days)

a day (24 hours)

A biological rhythm brought into phase with an environmental rhythm is said to be:

endogenous

a zeitgeber

a free-running circadian rhythm

entrained

entrained

Which of the following is NOT considered to be related to biological clocks?

Photoperiods

Peristalsis

Pineal gland
Melatonin

Peristalsis

Rhythms that continue in the absence of environmental information about time are called:

circadian rhythms

free-running circadian rhythms

endogenous rhythms

entrained rhythms

endogenous rhythms

The action of epinephrine and norepinephrine on the heart is a good example of an additive effect. Each of these hormones separately produces an increase in cardiac rate; acting together in the same concentrations, they stimulate an even greater increase in cardiac rate.

Does this scenario describe synergism, permissiveness or antagonism?

synergism

Prior exposure of the uterus to estrogen, for example, induces the formation of receptor proteins for progesterone, which improves the response of the uterus when it is subsequently exposed to progesterone.

Does this scenario describe synergism, permissiveness or antagonism?

permissiveness

Epinephrine alone can only weakly stimulate lipolysis but when small amount of thyroid hormone is present, the same amount of epinephrine can stimulate lipolysis much more powerfully.

Is this scenario an example of synergism, permissiveness, or antagonism?

permissiveness

Testosterone and follicle – stimulating hormones are both required for normal sperm production.

Is this an example of synergism, permissiveness, or antagonism?

synergism

Parathyroid hormone (PTH) from the parathyroid glands increases Ca 2+ in the blood by increasing Ca 2+ absorption in the intestines and reabsorption in the kidneys and stimulating Ca 2+ release from bones. Calcitonin (CT) produces the opposite effect by inhibiting the breakdown of bone matrix and decreasing the release of calcium into the blood.

Is this scenario an example of synergism, permissiveness, or antagonism?

antagonism

The image above best represents what type of chemical signal?

autocrine

neurosecretory (neuroendocrine)

neurotransmitter

paracrine

hormone (nonneural)

neurosecretory (neuroendocrine)

For the following terms, determine if the hormone type is peptide, steroid, catecholamine, or both peptide and catecholamine.

Synthesized at rough ER

peptide hormones

Receptors are located on the plasma membrane of target cells (no expectations)

both peptide and catecholamine hormones

Primary method of response works by synthesizing new proteins (i.e. alter gene expression)

steroid hormones

Derived from cholesterol

steroid hormones

water-soluble

both peptide and catecholamine hormones

Site of secretion is mainly the anterior pituitary gland

peptide hormones

Consider the following endocrine relationships and use this information to complete the endocrine application questions:

• CRH (corticotropin-releasing hormone) stimulates ACTH (adrenocorticotropic hormone) secretion

• ACTH stimulates cortisol secretion

• Cortisol inhibits CRH and ACTH secretion

• Cortisol increases protein breakdown and increases blood glucose

• Increased blood glucose stimulates insulin secretion

• Insulin reduces the blood glucose level

 

Based on the information provided in the above scenario, answer the following question. 

If the adrenal gland cannot produce cortisol, which of the following two statements are expected? SELECT 2 ANSWERS. 

Decreased CRH secretion

Increased CRH secretion

Decreased ACTH secretion

Increased ACTH secretion

Increased CRH secretion

Increased ACTH secretion

Consider the following endocrine relationships and use this information to complete the endocrine application questions:

• CRH (corticotropin-releasing hormone) stimulates ACTH (adrenocorticotropic hormone) secretion

• ACTH stimulates cortisol secretion

• Cortisol inhibits CRH and ACTH secretion

• Cortisol increases protein breakdown and increases blood glucose

• Increased blood glucose stimulates insulin secretion

• Insulin reduces the blood glucose level

 

Based on the information provided in the above scenario, answer the following question.

An injection of ACTH will result in which of the following two statements? SELECT 2 ANSWERS. 

Decreased CRH secretion

Increased cortisol secretion

Decreased cortisol secretion

Increased CRH secretion

Decreased CRH secretion

Increased cortisol secretion

Consider the following endocrine relationships and use this information to complete the endocrine application questions:

• CRH (corticotropin-releasing hormone) stimulates ACTH (adrenocorticotropic hormone) secretion

• ACTH stimulates cortisol secretion

• Cortisol inhibits CRH and ACTH secretion

• Cortisol increases protein breakdown and increases blood glucose

• Increased blood glucose stimulates insulin secretion

• Insulin reduces the blood glucose level

 

Based on the information provided in the above scenario which of the following two statements give conditions that will INCREASE insulin secretion?  SELECT 2 OPTIONS.  

1.  Injection of cortisol.

2.  Adrenal gland cannot produce cortisol.

3.  Injection of ACTH.

4. Pituitary gland cannot produce ACTH.

Injection of cortisol

Injection of ACTH