Modern medicine

How were viruses discovered

Ivanovsky investigated TMV and discovered a microbe which remained after the bacteria had been killed which were viruses

How do we treat viruses

We can’t use antibiotics but anti-viral drugs which only stopped the growth of a viral infection and didn’t treat it

What is DNA

It coded characteristics

Who discovered the structure of DNA

Watson and crick with the help of franklins photographs which discovered that DNA had a double-helix shape

What did the discovery of DNA do

• helped identity genetic conditions such as cystic fibrosis

• Improved treatment and diagnosis via human genome project and gene therapy

What impact did lifestyle conditions have on health

• smoking caused lung cancer

• Obesity caused heart disease

• Alcohol caused liver disease

What did blood tests do

• test blood groups

• Test cholesterol levels

• Test DNA

What did scans show

Detailed image of the tissue and bone to identify anomalies

What were the monitors

Blood pressure and blood sugar monitors

How was penicillin discovered

Fleming came back from holiday and discovered a culture where no bacteria grew due to a fungus called penicillin which was an antibiotic

What limited Flemings research

There was a lack of funding so there was a lack of industrial production

What did Florey and chain do

They purified penicillin and helped penicillin be mass produced by British businesses and begin to be used generally

What was the magic bullet

S 606 and prontosil which killed harmful bacteria without harming the rest of the body

What caused the discovery of the magic bulleta

• Koch staining bacteria

• Discovery of antibodies

What did the magic bullets lead to

• furthered pharmaceutical industry

• Discovery of chemotherapy

What was the negative of magic bullets

Overuse made them less effective due to resistance strains

What was radiotherapy

It killed cancer using gamma rays which was discovered due to becquerel and curie

What was chemotherapy

Drug to treat cancer such as compounds in folic acid to block the growth of cancer cells

How did blood transfusions improve

• Landsteiner discovered blood groups Test

• Sodium citrate stopped blood clots

• The discovery of the national blood transfusion service

• They limited dearth by blood loss

How did transplants improve

• it replaced faulty organs

• They resolved the problem of rejection through the discovery of immunosuppressants

What’s keyhole surgery

Less invasive form of surgery which meant a quicker surgery and lowered infection rates

How did keyhole surgery work

Endoscopes and instruments were inserted through small cuts

What were the uses of keyhole surgery

Investigate causes of pain, removal of appendix

What are the negatives of keyhole surgery

• expensive

• Needs specialist training

What was healthcare like before the NHS

• limited due to many being poor and lacking money for medicine

• The war had trained resources so government couldn’t expand healthcare provision

What was the NHS

A free service created by the minister of health in 1948 to provide healthcare for everyone as there was pressure to support returning soldiers and improve public health

What were the positives of the NHS

• free healthcare

• Higher life expectancy

• Better control of disease

What were the negatives of nhs

• long waiting times

• Lack of funding

• Staff shortages

What were vaccination campaigns

They prevented people catching deadly diseases

What was the diphtheria vaccination campaign

• diphtheria was a bacterial disease affecting heart with 3000 deaths

• Government ran publicity campaign using newspaper and radio to vaccinate

• Deaths dropped to 6 by 1957 due to vaccines

What was the polio vaccination campaign

• polio was a disease which causes paralysis and 80,000 cases with mostly kids

• The vaccine was made in 1956 with a campaign to vaccinate under 40s

• The disease was eradicated in 1970s

What did the NHS do regarding vaccinations

They allowed the government to vaccinate kids before 1

What did government do regarding pollution

They passed laws to reduce it as it increased risk of asthma and bronchitis

What did government do regarding obesity

Reduce it by healthy eating campaigns and change4life

What did the government do regarding alcohol consumption

They reduced it via the drink aware campaign

How did government response differ from industrial period

They had shifted away from laissez faire attitude and intervened in peoples lives to stop them getting diseases

What happened to the amount of people catching lung disease

It became more common in 1940s

What was lung disease caused by

90% of all cases linked to smoking which increased in WW1 and this link was discovered by doll and hill

What did chest x rays and ct scans do regarding lung cancer

It provided images of lungs to figure out what was wrong with it

What was bronschopy

It took a sample of suspected cells but it require local anaesthesia

How was lung cancer treated

Chemotherapy and radiotherapy

What were the campaigns to prevent lung cancer

• royal college of physicians banned tobacco ads and cigarette packs had to have a warning

• Banned public smoking

• Plain packaging on cigarettes

What did the lung cancer campaigns suggest about government attitudes

They were taking health seriously