psych module 5

Symptoms

- a departure from normal functioning or feeling that indicates the presence of a disorder

Diagnosis

- process of distinguishing one disorder from another

Etiologoy

- the initial cause that led to the development of the disorder

Prognosis

- prediction of the likely course of the disorder

Psychopathology

- scientific study of the origins, symptoms, and development of psychological disorders

Comorbidity

- experiencing two or more illnesses at the same time

Normal and abnormal behaviors are often determined by...

- Patterns must represent departure from; "typical behavior" and prevailing and cultural norms.

- Which results in: maladaptive behaviors, inability to perform daily behaviors, and personal distress about emotional state and behavior.

Stress-diathesis model

- a predisposition to given disorder perhaps linked to inherited genes

DSM-5

- diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders

- atheoretical (does not use particular theory to explain behavior)

Anxiety

- normal, but unpleasant emotional state characterized by physical arousal and feeling of tension, apprehension, and worry

- as negative mood state that is accompanied by bodily symptoms.

Anxiety disorders

- cluster of disorders characterized by distress, persistent fear and anxiety as well as maladaptive behaviors

Triple vulnerabilites

-biological vulnerabilities: specific genetic and neurobiological factors that might predispose someone to develop anxiety disorders

-psychological vulnerabilities: the influences that our early experiences have on how we view the world

-specific vulnerabilities: how our experiences lead us to focus and channel our anxiety

Etiology of anxiety disorders

-biological preparation

-genetics

-biomedical

-cognitive/behavioral

Generalized anxiety disorder (GAD)

- excessive worry about everyday things that is at a level that is out of proportion to the specific causes of worry

- characterized by excessive, global, and persistent symptoms of anxiety

Scope

- when one source of worry is removed, another takes its place

Persistence

- people with GAD cannot turn it off

Panic disorder

- anxiety disorder in which a person experiences frequent and unexpected panic attacks

- unexpected panic attacks and experience continued intense anxiety and avoidance related to the attack

Panic attack

- sudden episode of extreme anxiety that rapidly accelerates in intensity

Agoraphobia

- fear of open places

- distinguished by feelings that a place is uncomfortable or may be unsafe

Specific phobia

- excessive, intense, and irrational fear of a specific object, situation, or activity that is actively avoided or endured with marked anxiety

Types of specific phobias

- blood-injury-injection (BII) type

- situational type

- natural environment

- animal type

Social anxiety disorder

- extreme and irrational fear of being embarrassed, judged, or scrutinized by others in social situations.

- acute fear of social situations which lead to worry and diminished day-to-day functioning

Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD)

- a sense of fear, triggered by memories of a past traumatic event, that another traumatic event my trigger

3 classes of symptoms for PTSD

- re-experiencing trauma (flashbacks, nightmares, and thoughts)

-avoidance of places and feelings that are associated with the trauma

- hyperarousal

Obsessive-complusive disorder (OCD)

- the desire to engage in certain behaviors excessively in hopes of reducing anxiety

Obsession

- presence of intrusive, repetitive, and unwanted thoughts

Complusive

- repetitive behaviors or mental acts that an individual feels driven to perform

- in order to avoid the feeling of anxiety

Major depressive disorder (MDD)

- characterized by extreme and persistent feelings of despondency, worthlessness, and hopelessness and the inability to experience pleasure (anhedonia)

Symptoms of MDD

-emotional symptoms; feelings of sadness, hopelessness, helplessness, guilt, emptiness, or worthlessness/feeling emotionally disconnected from others and turning away from others.

-cognitive symptoms; difficulty thinking, concentrating, and remembering/ global negativity and pessimism/ suicidal thoughts or preoccupation with death.

-behavioral symptoms; dejected facial expressions/ loss of interest or pleasure in usual activities/ appears sad

-physical symptoms; changes in appetite resulting in weight gain or loss/ insomnia or hypersomnia/ loss of physical and mental energy/ global feelings of anxiety

Bipolar disorder

- severe mood swings between major depressive episodes and manic episodes

Manic episodes

- period of abnormally and persistently euphoric, expansive, or irritable mood and persistently increased goal-directed activity or energy

- episodes of incapacitating depression alternates with shorter periods of extreme euphoria.

Bipolar disorder I

- manic-depression

- characterized by a single or recurrent manic episode

Bipolar disorder II

- characterized by a single or recurrent hypomanic episode and depressive episodes

Cyclothymic disorder

- characterized by numerous and alternating periods of hypomania and depression

Treatments for MDD

- SSRIs (Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors)

- SNRIs (serotonin and norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors)

- Antidepressants

- Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT)

- Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS)

- Behavioral therapy

- Cognitive therapy

Treatments for BP

- Mood stabilizers

- Interpersonal social rhythm therapy

Personality disorders

- inflexible, maladaptive pattern of thoughts, emotions, behaviors, and interpersonal functioning

Cluster A of personality disorders

- individual appears odd or eccentric

Paranoid personality disorder

- distrust and suspiciousness/ others' motives are interpreted as malevolent

- high on openness and neuroticism

Schizoid personality disorder

- detachment from social relationships and a restricted range of emotional expression

- little desire/ enjoyments, limited interests in sexual intimacy

- low on extraversion

- example: Batman

Schizotypal personality disorder

- acute discomfort in close relationships, cognitive or perceptual distortions, and eccentricities

- high on neuroticism, openness, and introversion

- example: Willy Wonka

Cluster B of personality disorders

- individual appears dramatic, emotional, or erratic

Antisocial personality disorder

- disregard for and violation of the rights of others with little sign of empathy or remorse

- actions are distressful and alarming

- low on agreeableness and conscientiousness

- example: Joker

Psychopath

- cold unfeeling, lacks morality and shows reduced emotional response to stimuli

- example: Israel Keyes

Sociopath

- volatile, sense of morality that differs from society

- Example:Anders Breivik

Borderline personality disorder

- instability in interpersonal relationships, self-image, and affects

- all-or-nothing response

- high on neuroticism

- example: Harley Quinn

Histrionic personality disorder

- excessive emotionality and attention seeking

- high on extraversion

- example: Jane Rabbit

Narcissistic

- manipulate others to ensure own needs are met

- need for admiration