business tech final

super computer

most expensive, fastest computer used by large organizations for demanding tasks with complex data

mainframe computer

high performing, reliable computers that perform millions of operations per day

midrange computers/mini computers

relatively small, inexpensive, and compact computers that can perform more limited functions than a mainframe computer

micro computer

the smallest and cheapest general computers

desktop PC

cpu connected to a monitor and keyboard

thin-client systems

less complex computers that do not have the full functionality of a PC and instead pulls data and applications from a network or cloud

laptop/notebook

small, portable and light computers that primarily use internet based services

input devices

devices that accept data and instructions in human form and translate them to the computer

output devices

devices that accept data from a computer and translate them into human form

central processing unit/cpu

part of the computer that controls data and the tasks performed by other components

arithmentic logic unit /alu

part of the cpu that performs simple math and logic operations

control unit/cu

part of the cpu that controls all computer tasks and transfers information to different parts of the computer

cache memory

high speed memory located in the cpu that temporarily stores blocks of data

registers

small storage located in the cpu and stores data/instructions right before and right after processing

random access memory/ram

primary storage that holds software and small data for processing

read only memory/rom

nonvolatile, secure memory that safeguards critical instructions

primary storage

storage that temporarily stores data and program instructions during processing

secondary storage

storage that holds data and programs for longterm, future use

solid state drives/ssd

nonvolatile storage that holds data in memory chips. does not have moving parts

flash memory cards

A type of solid state storage that also has no moving parts and uses 30 times less battery power than alternative storage. often used in portable devices like cameras and smartphones.

bit

an on or off signal, where on = 1, and off = 0. is the smallest unit of data.

byte

smallest addressable unit of data comprised of 8 bits

software program

a series of statements or instructions to the computer

system software

generalized programs that manage the computer’s resources

operating system

software that manages computer hardware, processing systems, user interface, and software resources, providing common services for computer programs.

single user software

software designed for a single user

multiuser software

software designed for multiple simultaneous users

multitasking

the process of executing multiple tasks simultaneously

multiprocessing

use of two or more cpus

multithreading

running one program in multiple different windows

basic input output storage/bios

software program that tells the computer how to turn on once the power is turned on

graphical based user interface

user interface that focuses on the appearance/ease of use

character based user interface

user interface that is just the code

application software

programs written to perform a specific task

personal applications

applications for individual users to use

commerical applications

software designed for/used by companies

proprietary software

software developed by a company that has restrictions on its use, copy, and modification

software licensing

grants a user permission to sue on or more copies of a software without violating copyright law

open source software

software under a certain type of license that allows users to modify and distrbute the software

local area networks/lan

systems that interconnect computers within a limited area such as a home, school, or office.

wide area network/wan

network that extends over a large geographical area, connecting multiple local area networks.

internet protocal address/ip address

A unique identifier assigned to each device connected to a network

IPV4

format of an ip address consisting of 4 clusters of numbers seperated by periods

ipv6

format of an ip address consisting of 6 clusters of letters and numbers seperated by colons

domain name system

simplified names for ip addresses, such as business.miami.edu

top level domain

the last segment of a domain name, such as .com, .net, or .edu

wireless networks

convenient, portable, limited range networks that do not need cables to connect

microwave transmission system

A communication technology that transmits data over long distances, typically between fixed locations. It is often used for point-to-point/line of sight connections and can carry large amounts of information.

satelitte transmission systems

high-bandwidth communication technology used to transmit information over large areas

infrared transmission systems

A type of wireless communication technology that uses red light waves to transmit data over short distances, commonly used for remote controls and data transfer between devices.

bluetooth tramission system

A wireless technology that allows data exchange over short distances by using radio waves to create a personal area network. commonly used for connecting devices like smartphones, headphones, and computers.

wireless fidelity/wifi

A technology that connects devices to an access point/base station, enabling devices to use the internet and communicate over a wireless network using radio waves

4g

cellular radio with 100 mb/s for high mobility communications and 1 gb/s for low mobility communications

lte/long term evolution

technology supporting roaming internet access on phones

xlte/advanced lte

technology handling network congestion when too many people try to access lte

5g

cellular radio that has up to 10 gb/s speed

cloud computing

using internet/network resources to provide on demand data processing and storage. is customizable, flexible, and simple to set up.

software as a service/saas

cloud computing model consisting of software applications delivered the internet on a subscription basis, allowing users to access and use applications without having to install or manage the software.

platform as a service/paas

cloud computing model that provides a platform for developers to build, deploy, and manage applications without worrying about infrastructure.

infrastructure as a service/iaas

cloud computing model that provides computing resources over the internet, allowing users to rent infrastructure components such as servers, storage, and networking.

public cloud

cloud resources are built, owned, and operated by a 3rd party organization for public consumption

private cloud

cloud resources are built and used by the same organization on a private network

hybrid cloud

a mix of private cloud, and public cloud services, allowing for data and application portability.

multicloud

the use of multiple cloud computing services from different providers

business intelligence

a collection of comprehensive and integrated tools/processes that captures, collects, integrates, stores, and analyzes data to help business decision making

business intelligence

the process of transforming data into information, information into knowledge, and knowledge into widsom

data

individual facts and figures

information

data when given context and made organized and structured

knowledge

information given meaning and turned into concepts and ideas

wisdom

knowledge given insight, turned into principles and understandings used to guide decision making

highly strucutred problems

well defined problems with clear objectives and information

semi strucutred problems

problems with some structure but still neeeding human judgement and decision making

highly unstructured decision

complex problems with no clear solutions, requiring critical thinking and creativity

operational control decisions

decisions involving day to day activities and tasks involved in daily business

management control decisions

decisions regarding resources, company performance, logisitics, and employees

strategic planning

decisions that shape the long term direction of a company

OLAP

organizing data into multiple dimensions or categories to allow for more detail and quicker analysis

data mining

discovering patterns and valuable information from large sets of data to help better analyze, recognize, and produce new data/data patterns

accurate, reliable, valid, relevant, complete, timely

6 components needed to have high quality data

applied intelligence

the use of ai and data analysis to solve problems, make decisions, and grow as a company

intelligent automation

the integration of ai, machine learnign, and robotic automation to streamline business operations and reduce manual tasks

machine learning

ai algorithms that learn from data, identify patterns, and make decisions with minimal human intervention.

predictive modeling

predicintg a future occurance based on past data analysis

information security

the processes and policies designed to protect an organization’s information and information systems from unauthorized access, use, modification, or destruction

unintentional threats

acts performed without malicious intent that still posed a threat to security, often caused by human error

intentional threats

actions performed with malicious intent that posed a security threat

espionage

spying to gain information

information extortion

stealing information and demanding money before you return it

sabotage/vandalism

defacing a company’s website to harm their reputation

compromises to intellectual property

stealing copyrights, patents, or trade secrets

cyberterrorism/cyberwarfare

hacking computers to spread a political agenda

SCADA

monitoring or controlling chemical, physical, and transport processes in water, oil, and sewage plants to cause public disruption

malware

software designed to cause damage to a computer

phishing

attempting to get sensitive information by pretending to be a trust worthy person

denial of service/dos

attack that aims to make a resource unavailable by overwhelming it with a flood of information requests.

distributed denial of service/ddos

attacker hacks computers, then sends the hacked computers to overwhelm a computer with a massive amount of requests, making it unavailable

trojan horse

malware hidden in other computer programs that hack when activated

back door

password only known by the hacker than enables them to bypass security measures

logic bomb

malware hidden in a program that activates at a certain time or date

colonial pipeline attack

Data breach in which hackers bought Russian ransomware and demanded $4.4 million (75 bitcoin). FBI was able to recover $2.3 million (63.7 bitcoins)