BSC2085 EXAM 2

histology & integumentary system

define histology.

the study of tissues and their cellular components

() microscopy comined with () techniques, is the main method used but more recent modern ones include () techniques and () microscopy

light, cell staining, immunohistochemical, electron

steps for correctly preparing sample: proper (), () the specimen, () the specimen in support medium, () into thin slices, () for visualization, and () examination

orientation, fixing, embedding, sectioning, staining, microscopic

typical orientation prep for tubular structres

cut to display the cross section of the lumen

typical orientation prep for epithelial biopsies

cut in a plane at right angles to the surface, oriented so the knife cuts from the basement membrane to the apical membrane

typical orientation prep for muscle biopsies

muscle is cut in transverse planes

fixation

prevents specimen from changing, deactivates it, diff methods exist for ex... chemical perfusion and heat fixation

2 types of embedding and brief description

Paraffin wax embedding (standard method for finely sectioned samples, paraffin wax fills the tissue). Frozen sections (rapid freezing by immersing specimen in liquid nitrogen) this is used during surgery like to see if a tumor is cancerous asap bc paraffin would take too long.

sectioning

slicing the specimen using a microtome and attaching it to a surface (usually a slide) to be dehydrated and stained

methyl blue staining is commonly used for () staining of tissue sections, where () than one stain is used, such as trichrome staining.

differential, more

methyl blue stains what blue? ()

collagen

Hematoxylin & Eosin (H&E) staining is used to differentiate ()

nucleic acid in the nucleus from other components of the cytoplasm

With H&E, cell nuclei stain ( / ) (hematoxylin) while most components of the cytoplasm stain ( / ) (eosin)

black/purple . pink/red

Van Gieson staining is used for (). () fibers stain pink/red, () fibers stain yellow, () fibers stain brown/black.

connective tissue FIBERS, collagen, muscle, elastic

trichrome staining uses () dyes to () cell components. One of the 3 is often () which is mostly used for () staining

3 different dyes to differentiate, methyl blue mostly used for differential staining

Silver nitrate solution can be used to stain tissues in several different ways, One method called Golgi's method... ()

selectivley stains the entirety of some neurons black, thus revealing their cell architecture. A diff technique is used to highlight reticular fibers

Immunohistochemical methods, rather than using dyes, instead... exploit the highly specific interaction between () and () to allow percise identification, localization, quanttification, of cell proteins such as receptors or enzymes

antibody and antigen

2 types of microscope?

light microscope and electron microscope

how does light microscope work?

Uses beams of visible wavelengths of light, focused through glass lenses, to produce magnified images.

how does electron microscope work?

Uses particle beams off electrons, focused through magnetic lenses and metal apertures, to produce highly magnified 2-D and 3-D images

light microscope- magnification () lens ()

(up to 2000x / glass)

electron microscope- magnification () lens ()

(up to 2,000,000x / electrostatic or electromagnetic)

Uses of light microscope

Ability to view color proves useful for different staining techniques. relatively low cost renders them more popular in the education and medical sectors.

Uses of electron microscope

Used to visualize smaller samples, not visible by light microscopy. Allows 3-D visualization of structures. Is used in observation of dry, fixed specimens of microorganisms, cells, large molecules, biopsy samples, metals, and crystals, etc.

Stains used in light microscope

Stains, highlight tissues/cellular components in different colors. chromatic dyes used

Stains used in electron microscope

Stains highlight tissue by increasing electron absorption. Electron dense heavy metals often used.

Disadvantages of light microscope

Limited magnification and depth of field

Disadvantages of electron microscopes

Expensive to build and run. Sensitive to vibrations and external magnetic currents. More elaborate prep of specimen is often needed and specimen must be dry. Not possible to observe color or living specimen.

3 types of light microscopes are () and 2 types of electron microscopes are ()

single (one lens), compound (many lenses) and digital light microscpes. / Transmission electron microscope (TEM) for 2D images and Scanning electron microscope (SEM) for 3D images.

epithelial cells are secured to the surface they cover by specialized ()

hemidesmosomes

a thin underlying sheet of collagen and other fibers which covers surface and cavities of organ

basement membrane

epithelial tissue functions

selective absorptive barriers (diffusion, osmosis, filtration), secretory surfaces, protective surfaces

epithelial tissue structure, basal (basement membrane) vs apical surface (cillia or microvilli... cilliated or non-cilliated)

cells held tightly together, avascular, inervated, highly mitotic, basal (basement membrane attached to connective tissue) vs apical surface (cillia or microvilli... cilliated or non-cilliated)

3 shapes of epithelial tissue

squamos (flat, like a plate), cuboidal (cube or square like w round nucleus), columnar (column w oval nucleus)

4 different layer types of epithelial tissue

simple, stratified, pseudostratified, transitional

define simple epithelial tissue

a single layer of cells are anchored to the underlying basement membrane

define stratified epithelial tissue

multiple layers of cells, where only the bottom layer of epithelial cells is anchored to the underlying basement membrane

define pseudostratified epithelial tissue

Cells appear to be arranged in layers, but careful observation reveals that all cells are anchored to the underlying basement membrane

define transitional epithelial tissue

Some cuboidal or columnar cells have the ability to change shape during stretching and compression. if the organ or tubule they line is not being stretched, they are stratified cuboidal/columnar in appearance however, once stretched they become stratified squamous in appearance (cells become flatter and more elongates). Transitional epithelium forms a lining that is impermeable to water and is found in tissues that expand and contract (ex, urinary bladder)

3 types of -simple- epithelial tissue

simple squamos epithelium, simple cuboidal epithelium, simple columnar epithelium (non-ciliated and ciliated)

what is the difference between non-ciliated and ciliated simple columnar epithelial tissue

non-ciliated simp columnar have microvilli at apical surface that increase surface are for absorption and secretion also mucus secreting goblet cells. Ciliated simp columnar have cilia at their apical surface also mucus secreting goblet cells

break down the 3 types of -stratified- epithelial tissue

stratified squamos (keratinized or non-keratinized), stratified cuboidal, stratified columnar

what is the difference between keratinized and non-keratinized stratified epithelial tissue?

keratinized stratified squamos contains a protective waterproof layer of the fibrous proteins called keratin, which forms the superficial layer of the skin, protects body from temperature, extremes, microbes, and damage, as they move towards the apical layer, the epithelial cells get very little nutrition, and become packed with so much keratin as a result... dehydration, and eventually die (ex, hair or nails). ------Nonkeratinized does not contain keratin, so the epithelial cells of the apical layer remain properly hydrated, and still contain organelles, forms moist lining, such as in the mouth, esophagus, and part of the cervix where it protects the body against microbes

2 types of pseudostratified columnar epithelium

pseudostratified epithelium is VERY RARELY squamos or cuboidal is is almost always columnar. 2 types of pseudostratified columnar epithilium are ciliated or non-ciliated pseudostratified columnar epithelium

simple squamos, function? location?

diffusion and filtration. capillary network surrounding the alveoli in the lungs, also lines heart/blood/lymphatic vessels, also component of serous membranes

simple cuboidal, function? location?

secretion and absorption. Proximal and distal convoluted tubules of the kidney and thyroid gland.

non-ciliated simple columnar, function? location?

Increased surface area for absorption and mucus secretion for lubrication and protection. Lines the functional tracts ex, GI tract, gall bladder.

ciliated simple columnar, function? location?

Elimination of foreign particles. Lines the uterine tubes and auditory tubes.

non-ciliated pseudostratified columnar, function? location?

Absorption and protection. Membraneous part of the male vas deferens.

ciliated pseudostratified columnar, function? location?

Elimination of foreign particles. Lines the upper airways of the respiratory tract and sensory epithelium of olfactory areas.

keratinized stratified squamos, function? location?

Protects the body from heat, microbes, and damaging substances. Forms superficial layer of the skin

non-keratinized stratified squamos, function?, location?

Protects the body against microbes. Forms moist linings such as the buccal cavity, esophagus, and part of the cervix.

stratified cuboidal, function? location?

Protection, secretion, absorption. Part of the sweat glands, mammary glands, salivary glands.

stratified columnar, function? location?

Protection and secretion. Ocular conjuctiva of the eye and ducts of larger salivary glands.

transitional epithelium, function? location?

Forms strechable lining. Lines tissues that expand and contract like the urinary bladder.

() are groups of specialized epithelial cells that function to secrete products, either onto a body surface or into the blood, either directly or via a duct.

glands!

2 groups of glands are?

exocrine glands and endocrine glands

exocrine glands

secrete non-hormone stuff (mucus or serous) to tissue surface via ducts.

examples of exocrine glands

sweat glands, goblet cells, digestive glands, sebaceous glands

endocrine glands

secrete hormones into blood

examples of endocrine glands

thyroid glands, parathyroid glands, pineal glands, pituitary glands, suprarenal glands

exocrine glands may be () or ()

unicellular (ex goblet cells) or multicellular (sweat gland, salivary gland, sebaceous gland)

how many main types of multicellular exocrine glands are there?

8 of them. Go to that page in the reading and quiz yourself on the names/pics/example

what are the 3 different ways exocrine glands secrete things?

merocrine secretion, apocrine secretion, holocrine secretion

merocrine secretion how does it work

vessicles containing product collect at apical surface then are released via exocytosis into lumen of the gland

example glands that use merocrine secretion

salivary glands, sweat glands, pancreatic acinar glands

apocrine secretion how does it work

product collects at the apical surface until it is cleaved off the cell as part of secretion. then the cell repairs itself and this repeats

apocrine secretion example

mammary glands secrete fat droplets into milk using apocrine secretion

holocrine secretion how does it work

secretes products by shedding whole cells. product accumulates in cytosol of cell until it matures, ruptures, and dies becoming part of the secretion. The dead cell is replaced through cell division.

example glands tthat use holocrine secretion

sebaceous glands

connective tissue is the collective term for () and ()

support cells, immune cells, extracellular matrix

there are so many diff types of connective tissue, so diverse and vast thus they have many diverse functions

truee

the extracellular matrix is made of ( -3 types are , , , ) and ( )

fibers 3 types are collagen fibers, elastic fibers, reticular fibers. ground substance which is fluid/semi-fluid/or gelatinous and contains GAG: glycosaminoglycani examples of GAG are hyaluronic acid, chondrite/dermatan/keratan sulfates, adhesion proteins

list some of the many diverse functions of connective tissues

binds structures, strength/support/protect/storage, fill spaces, insulation/stores fat, protects against infection, repairs tissue damage, and MORE!

connective tissue can be broken down into 2 main groups which are... (describe each)

embyonic (EMBRYO->FETUS) and mature (NEWBORN->ADULTHOOD)

2 types of embryonic connective tissue are () found exclusivley in the embryo and from which all other connective tissue is formed as well as () a form of the first tissue found in the umbilical cord of a fetus

mesenchyme connective tissue and mucous connective tissue

How many types of mature connective tissue are there? List them

5: loose connective tissue, dense connective tissue, cartilige, bone, liquid connective tissue

there are () types of loose connective tissue. () which is delicate and thin and highly vascularized found in the deep epithelium providing blood supply. Also () which stores triglycerides aka fat. Also () which acts as filters in the spleen and lymph nodes removing unwanted substances from blood and lymph.

3, areolar, adipose, reticular

there are () types of dense connective tissue. () which makes up tendons and ligaments. Also () which forms the dermis of the skin, fibrous pericardium around heart, heart valves, perichondrium surrounding cartilage, periosteum surrounding bone. Also () which forms lungs and elastic arteries.

dense regular, dense irregular, elastic

3 types of cartilage: describe which is weak, medium, strong, what surrounds it, where it is found

refer to exam 1 notes to check

support cells: fibroblasts (collagen), adipocytes (fat), chondroblasts (cartilage), osteoblasts (bone), myofibroblasts (have differentiated fibroblasts commited to becoming smooth muscle cells, they contract and secrete)

truee

define mast cells

store and secrete histamine and heparin in response to inflammation/allergic rxn

define white blood cells

(macrophages and plasma cells, help during infection/inflammation/allergy

are mast cells and white blood cells, support cells of the connective tissue or immune cells of the connective tissue?

immune cells

are mast cells and white blood cells support cells?

no they are immune cells

4 bone cells names and functions. you should know everything ab spongy vs compact , osteon/trabeclaeu etc

use exam 1 stuff to check

2 types of liquid connective tissue and describe each, () which () and () which ()

blood which consists of red blood cells/white blood cells/platelets all formed in red bone marrow, these objects are suspended in a pale yellow fluid- blood plasma. lymph which contain several cells suspended in clear fluid, lymphs all vary depending on what they are draining

skeletal muscle tissue structure

long, thin, clyndrical striated fibers. Many peripheal nuclei.

skeletal muscle tissue location

attached to bones of the skeleton via tendons

skeletal muscle tissue function

maintains posture. protection and heat production.

cardiac muscle tissue structure

branched, striated fibers connected via intercalcated discs. 1 or 2 central nuclei.

cardiac muscle tissue location

make up the muscular component of the heart

cardiac muscle tissue function

form muscular walls of hearts, contraction of heart muscles for distribution of blood around body

smooth muscle tissue structure

spindle-shaped, non-striated fibers. 1 central nucleus

smooth muscle tissue location

blood vessel walls, iris of the eye, airways to lungs, walls of stomach, intestines, gallbladder, bladder, female uterus

smooth muscle tissue function

constrict vessels/airways/tracts for movement of substances through them. contraction of organ walls for expulsion of content

nervous tissue functions? locations?

sensory reception, impulse conductin - located in brain, spinal cord, peripheral nerves

neurons be able to identify the parts (anatomy tv picture) w dendrities, axon, axon terminals

go do it

neurons are commonly called " " . they are NOT mitotic

nerve cells

neuroglia are also called " ". they ARE mitotic which unfortunatley is linked w brain cancer

gllial cells