Gen Bio Midterms#1

Organisms

highly organized structures that consist of one or more cells

Cell

All living things are made up of these, it is the smallest part of an organism that can survive on its own

Tissue

cells that are similar in structure and function are usually joined together to form this

organs

groups of different tissues that work together

Organ System

group of organs that work together to perform a specific function

organism

an entire living thing that carries all the basic life functions

nucleic acid molecules

All living organisms store hereditary information in the form of

sensitivity

Living organisms can react/respond to the several factors present in the environment.

growth

refers to the increase in mass and size

development

physiological and functional maturation of the organism.

sexually

How do eukaryotes reproduce?

asexually

How do prokaryotes reproduce?

Homeostasis

keeping a stable environment requires constant adjustments as the environment changes

Adaptation.

All living organisms exhibit a "fit" to their environment

Metabolism

All organisms use a source of energy for their metabolic activities

Order
genetic material
response to stimuli
growth and development
reproduction
homeostasis
adaptation
metabolism

What are the characteristics of life

unicellular

one cell means

multicellular

made of many cells

Eukaryotic Cells

Humans, protozoa, fungi, plants, animals, protists

Prokaryotic Cells

Cells lack a nuclear envelope and membrane -bound organelles

polysaccharides and cellulose

The sugar of eukaryotes

Eukaryotic Cells

which is the more complex structure eukaryotes or prokaryotes

prokaryotic

Unicellular organisms are what

Eukaryotic

Multicellular Organisms

peptidoglycan

The sugar of prokaryotes

Microscope

Are used to magnify small objects

Lens

the most important part of the microscope

Lentils

lens are derived from the latin word

Romans

who created lens

Zacharias and Hans Jansen

Created the first compound microscope

Zacharias and Hans Jansen (1590)

Father-son duo who created a microscope and specify the year

Robert Hooke

Discovered cell while looking at a thin slice cork.

After monastery rooms

How did Robert Hooke come up with the name cells

Robert Hooke (1665)

who developed the classical cell theory and in what year

Antoine Van Leeuwenhoek

used microscope to observe freshwater single celled organisms like bacteria and protozoa.

Antoine Van Leeuwenhoek

Animalcules

Antoine Van Leeuwenhoek

First to observe red blood cells and sperm

Robert Brown

Leading botanist. Compared plants under a microscope.

Robert Brown (1830)

who named the nucleus and in what year

Matthias Schleiden (1838)

who concluded that all plants are made of cells and in what year

Theodor schwann

who concluded that all animals are made of cells

Rudolf Virchow (1858)

proposed that new cells are formed only from cells that already exist and in what year

1. all organisms are composed of one or more cells

2. the cell is a basic unit structure and function of all organisms

3. All cells arise from pre-existing cells

Enumerate the postulates of cell theory

Spontaneous Generation Theory

the theory that living organisms can rise from nonliving things

abiogenesis

spontaneous generation is also called

Aristotle

who first proposed spontaneous generation theory

Aristotle

Father of classical theory

Francesco Redi (1668)

first scientist who disproved spontaneous generation and what year

Francesco Redi

This first scientist disproved spontaneous generation by showing that maggots do not spontaneously arise from decaying meat.

Francesco Redi

experimented with jar and fresh meat

John Needham

He boiled broth and poured it into a flask

John Needham

Heated broth in sealed flasks.When the broth became cloudy with microrganisms, he mistakenly concluded that they developed spontaneously from the broth

John Needham

supported spontaneous generation theory

Lazzaro Spallanzani

disproved John Needham because he did not burn it long enough

Lazzaro Spallanzani

Scientist who did the two set up

Louis Pasteur (1859)

Who used the S-shaped flask/ Swan neck and what year

Louis Pasteur

he first took nutrient-filled broth and placed it in several swan neck flasks, which only allowed air to enter and not the microbes

Pneuma

vital heat

0.2-5 micrometers

How large are most prokaryotic cells?

Capsule

a sticky outer layer that provides protection

Cell wall

a structure that confers rigidity and shape to the cell

peptidoglycan

what compound is cell walls made of

Plasma/cell membrane

a structure that serves as a permeability barrier

Plasma / cell membrane

separates the cell from the environment

cell membrane

encloses the cytoplasm

Plasmid

a genetic structure in a cell that can replicate independently of the chromosomes, typically a small circular DNA strand in the cytoplasm of a bacterium.

Plasmid

Produces DNA of the prokaryotic cells

Nucleoid

a DNA-containing region with cytoplasm.

Nucleus

controls cellular activities, including gene expression and replication

cytoplasm

the region where all cytoplasmic organelles are found

cytoplasm

region enclosed by the cell membrane

Ribosome

the site where protein is synthesized

Pilus

a hair-like appendage that functions in adhesion

Pili

pilus plural form

Flagellum

facilitates movement of bacteria

1. Capsule 2. Cell wall 3. Plasma membrane 4. plasmid 5.Nucleoid 6. Cytoplasm 7. Ribosome 8. Pilus 9. Flagellum

enumerate the parts of a prokaryotic cell

Platelets

Natural bandage of the body

Cell Membrane

a double-layered membrane that encloses the cell

Cell Membrane

Mosaic like structure

fluid, semi-permeable and has a bi-layer of phospholipids

describe the cell membrane of eukaryotic cells

Plasma Membrane

cell membrane is also called as

because of the protein inside

why is the cell membrane/ plasma membrane flexible

1. Boundary between the cells and its external environment 2. Controls the movement of substances in and out the cell

enumerate the two functions of cell membrane

cytoplasm

Largest Part of the cell

water, salt and protein

cytoplasm is composed of

cytoplasm

Inside the cell membrane and surrounding the nucleus

cytoplasm

where most life processes occur.

cytoplasm

Jelly like substance

Mitochondria

involved in the production of energy

mitochondria

where cellular respiration happens

adenosine triphosphate

What does ATP stand for?

endoplasmic reticulum

is a network of intercommunicating channels in the cytoplasm.

sacs, tubules

what is the ER composed of

rough endoplasmic reticulum and the smooth endoplasmic reticulum

The two types of endoplasmic reticulum are

Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum

what is the more common type of ER

due to the presence of ribosomes

Why is RER more common and why is it rough in appearance

Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum

is a more tubular non-granular structure due to the absence of ribosomes

Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum

manufacture and metabolism of lipids as well as biosynthesis of steroid hormones and stores calcium ion