Amsco AP US History Chapter 11

antebellum period

The time period before the Civil War during which there were many reforms, including the establishment of free (tax-supported) public schools, improving the treatment of the mentally ill, controlling/abolishing the sale of alcohol, winning equal legal/political rights for women, and abolishing slavery.

Second Great Awakening

A series of religious revivals starting in 1801, based on Methodism and Baptism. Stressed a religious philosophy of salvation through good deeds and tolerance for all Protestant sects. The revivals attracted women, Blacks, and Native Americans. It also had an effect on moral movements such as prison reform, the temperance movement, and moral reasoning against slavery.

Timothy Dwight

He was an educated Reverend (president of Yale College) who helped initiate the Second Great Awakening. His campus revivals inspired many young men to become evangelical preachers.

millennialism

much of religious enthusiasm of the time was based on the widespread belief that the world was about to end with the second coming of Christ; preacher William Miller gained tens of thousands of followers by predicting a specific date when the second coming would occur (didn't happen-Millerites will become Seventh Day Adventists)

Church of Latter-Day Saints; Mormons

A religious group founded in 1830 based on a book of Scripture (traced a connection between the Native Americans and the lost tribes of Israel); they settled near the Great Salt Lake in Utah. Their practice of polygamy created conflict with the U.S. government. Founded by Joseph Smith.

Joseph Smith; Brigham Young

Religous leaders of the Mormons. Smith was the founder, but was murdered by a local mob. Young took over the leadership role and migrated the Mormons to the far western frontier, settling in Utah.

New Zion

This was a religious community established by the Mormons on the banks of the Great Salt Lake in Utah.

romantic movement

a movement in response to the cold rationality of the Enlightenment that stressed poetic, religious, and visionary human experience; sought to combine the "reason" of the Enlightenment with a renewed "faith" in the poetic powers of the human being

transcendentalists

New England writers and reformers who questioned established churches and capitalistic habits of the merchant class; they challenged the materialism of American society by suggesting artistic expression was better than pursuit of wealth. They championed mystical and intuitive ways of thinking - discovering one's inner self and looking for the essence of God in nature.

Ralph Waldo Emerson, "The American Scholar"

He was the leading voice in trancedentalism in america in the mid 1800s. He wanted to capture the passionate aspects of the human spirit and so gain a deeper insight to the mysteries of existence. He celebrated those who rejected traditional constraints, but retained self and civic responsibility. He remade American literature. He wrote the "The American Scholar." This argues to celebrate democracy and individual freedom and to find inspiration in ordinary human experiences.

Henry David Thoreau, Walden, "On Civil Disobedience"

American transcendentalist who was against a government that supported slavery. He wrote down his beliefs in Walden. He started the movement of civil-disobedience when he refused to pay the toll-tax to support him Mexican War.

Brook Farm; George Ripley

He developed an expieremental farm in Massachusetts in 1841. The idea was that people would come together and form their own ideal society. Everyone would share their duties equally and the amount of leisure time would be equal. It was created to provide a place where people could have full opportunity for self-realization. However, the individual freedom of the citizens took its toll of the community and people began to leave. It was completely ended when the central building caught fire (1847). Among the citizens were Margaret Fuller and Theodore Parker.

Shakers

Founded by "Mother" Ann Lee. Believed in celibacy. Separated man and women so relied on adult converts. Protestant religious sect during 2nd awakening. They also believed that their lives should be dedicated to pursuing perfection and continuously confessing their sins and attempting a cessation of sinning. Elevated position of women to equals of men.

Robert Owen; New Harmony

This secular (nonreligious) experiment was intended to provide the answer to the problems of inequity and alienation caused by the Industrial Revolution; it failed for financial reasons and arguments among community members.

Joseph Henry Noyes; Oneida community

This community was started in 1848 in New York and was highly controversial because, in order to achieve total equality, the members shared property and even marriage partners. It was also criticized for their idea of planned reproduction and communal child-rearing. This community prospered economically, though, due to the success of selling high quality silverware.

Charles Fourier; phalanxes

These communities attempted to solve the problem of a competitive society by sharing work and living arrangements in the 1840s; this movement died out quickly because of Americans' strong individualism.

George Caleb Bingham

Painter who painted people doing everyday things; boatmen on the Mississippi River frontier, political scenes, people doing chores

William S. Mount

Contemporary of the Hudson River school; began as a history painter but moved to depicting scenes form everyday life. Praised for his lively rural compositions.

Thomas Cole

Founder of the Hudson River school, famous for his landscape paintings. Captured the beauty of the American landscapes on the western frontier and along the Hudson River in New York State.

Frederick Church

Central figure in the Hudson River School, pupil of Thomas Cole, known for his landscapes and for painting colossal views of exotic places.

Hudson River School

A group of American painters of the mid 1800s whose works are characterized by a highly romantic treatment of landscape, esp. along the Hudson River

Washington Irving

One of the first major American writers, known for The Legend of Sleepy Hollow and Rip Van Winkle. Used American settings, but often reused English legends/stories.

James Fenimore Cooper

American writer who attained international recognition in the 1820s along with Washington Irving; more importantly, one of the nation's first writers to used American scenes and themes, showing the growth in nationalism. Wrote The Last of the Mohicans. Very verbose.

Nathaniel Hawthorne

Early American author who wrote the Scarlet Letter and other novels that questioned the intolerance and conformity in American life.

American Temperance Society

1826, Protestant ministers and others concerned with the high rate of alcohol consumption and the effects of such excessive drinking, founded this society; wanted people to completely abstain from drinking alcohol

Washingtonians

Another society begun in 1840 by recovering alcoholics who said that alcoholism was a disease that needed practical treatment.

asylum movement

Reformers proposed setting up new public institutions such as state-supported prisons, mental hospitals, and poorhouses; hope was that the inmates of these institutions would be cured of their antisocial behavior by being treated to a disciplined pattern of life in some rural setting

Dorothea Dix

A reformer and pioneer in the movement to treat the insane as mentally ill, beginning in the 1820's, she was responsible for improving conditions in jails, poorhouses and insane asylums throughout the U.S. and Canada. She succeeded in persuading many states to assume responsibility for the care of the mentally ill. She served as the Superintendant of Nurses for the Union Army during the Civil War.

Thomas Gallaudet

Studied techniques for instructing hearing impaired people and established the first american school for the hearing impaired

Samuel Gridley Howe

In 1832, he became the first director of the New England Institution for the Education of the Blind (now Perkins School for the Blind), the first such institution in the United States.

penitentiaries

New prisons in PA where prisoners were placed in solitary confinement to force them to reflect on sins and repent; high rate of prisoner suicides caused the end of the system

Auburn system

A penal method of the 1800s in which persons worked during the day in groups and were kept in solitary confinement at night, with enforced silence at all times. The silent system evolved during the 1820s at Auburn Prison in Auburn, N.Y., as an alternative to and modification of the Pennsylvania system of solitary confinement, which it gradually replaced in the United States. Whigs favored this system because it promised to rehabilitate criminals by teaching them personal discipline and respect for work, property, and other people.

Horace Mann

Reformer who led a crusade to improve public education in America; as secretary of the Massachusetts Board of Education, he established a minimum school term, formalized teacher training, and moved curriculum away from religious training toward more secular subjects

McGuffey readers

William Holmes McGuffey, a PA teacher, created a series of elementary textbooks that became widely accepted as the basis of reading and moral instruction in hundreds of schools; extolled virtues of hard work, punctuality and sobriety

women's rights movement

The organized effort to improve political, legal, and economic status of women in American society; it was largely inspired by women's frustration with their limited participation rights in the abolitionist movement

Sarah Grimke, Angelina Grimke

Quaker sisters from South Carolina who came north and became active in the abolitionist movement; Angelina married Theodore Weld, a leading abolitionist and Sarah wrote and lectured on a variety of reforms including women's rights and abolition.

Letter on the Condition of Women and the Equality of the Sexes

Used the individualist feminist approach of comparing slavery to marriage for the wife where women are treated as property and have little to no rights especially in economic affairs of the house hold. Written by Angelina and Sarah Grimke

Lucretia Mott

A Quaker who attended an anti-slavery convention in 1840 and her party of women was not recognized. She and Stanton called the first women's right convention in New York in 1848

Elizabeth Cady Stanton

(1815-1902) A suffragette who, with Lucretia Mott, organized the first convention on women's rights, held in Seneca Falls, New York in 1848. Issued the Declaration of Sentiments which declared men and women to be equal and demanded the right to vote for women. Co-founded the National Women's Suffrage Association with Susan B. Anthony in 1869.

Seneca Falls Convention (1848)

First women's rights convention in American History. Issued "Declaration of Sentiments"-declared "all men and women are created equal" and listed women's grievances against laws and customs that discriminated against them.

Susan B. Anthony

Social reformer who campaigned for womens rights, the temperance, and was an abolitionist, helped form the National Woman Suffrage Assosiation

American Colonization Society

1817- Group of people worried of the impact of slavery and race on society. They argued slavery had to end, and americans had to send black slaves back to Africa. Was a failure of a plan. Few planters freed their slaves, some blacks didn't want to leave even. America even bought land in africa, liberia, to place the slaves. Only six thousand slaves were transported. West coast of africa.

American Antislavery Society

Founded in 1833 by William Lloyd Garrison and other abolitionists. Garrison burned the Constitution as a proslavery document. Argued for "no Union with slaveholders" until they repented for their sins by freeing their slaves.

William Lloyd Garrison; The Liberator

Ardent abolitionist that fought against slavery for moral reasons. His influence brought many people to his standard, as well as to oppose him. He created the Anti-Slavery Society. argued for immediate and complete emancipation of all slaves and founded The Liberator

Liberty party

A political party that started during the two party systems in the 1840's.The party's main platform was bringing an end to slavery by political and legal means. The party was originally part of the American Anti-slavery however; they split because they believed there was a more practical way to end slavery than Garrison's moral crusade.

Frederick Douglass; The North Star

American abolitionist and journalist who escaped from slavery and became an influential lecturer in the North and abroad. He wrote Narrative of the Life of Fredrick Douglass and co-founded and edited the North Star, an abolitionist newspaper

David Walker

He was a black abolitionist who called for the immediate emancipation of slaves. He wrote the "Appeal to the Colored Citizens of the World." It called for a bloody end to white supremacy. He believed that the only way to end slavery was for slaves to physically revolt.

Henry Highland Garnet

Black abolitionist leader and former slave who advocated slaves rebelling against owners in a violent manner.

Nat Turner

Slave in Virginia who started a slave rebellion in 1831 believing he was receiving signs from God His rebellion was the largest sign of black resistance to slavery in America and led the state legislature of Virginia to a policy that said no one could question slavery (gag rule).

American Peace Society

Founded in 1828 by William Laddit. Formally condemned all wars, though it supported the U.S. government during the Civil War, WWI, and WWII. It was dissolved after the United Nations was formed in 1945.

Sylvester Graham

Early advocate of dietary reform in United States most notable for his emphasis on vegetarianism, and the temperance movement, as well as sexual and dietary habits; father of graham crackers

Amelia Bloomer

An American women's rights and temperance advocate. She presented her views in her own monthly paper, The Lily, which she began publishing in 1849. When Amelia was 22, she married a lawyer by the name of Dexter Bloomer. One of the major causes promoted by Amelia was a change in dress standards for women so that they would be less restrictive.